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辽宁专科学校-续写穷人300字

2020年12月31日发(作者:袁馨)



Textbook



Intensive English Reading

Compiled by z.w.z.

for
Candidates
Applying for
Doctor’s Degree
in the Art Academy of China




September 1, 2010



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Contents
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4






Text 1 The Paradox of Knowledge ---------------- Page 3
Text 2 Tyranny of the Urgent ---------------------- Page 8

Text 1 The Virtues of Ambition -------------------- Page 16
Text 2 Three Days to See ---------------------------- Page 21

Text 1
The West Unique, Not Universal
--------Page 24
Text 2 What I Have Lived For -------------------- Page 28

Text 1 Philosophy and Art ---------------------------- Page 30
Text 2 Chopin—The Beautiful Soul of Music---- Page 39


Art Theory ------------------------------------------------ Page 41
Translation Exercises -----------------------------------Page 46
Son gs------------------------------------------------ ------- Page 48
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Unit 1
Text 1 The Paradox of Knowledge
Skeptical Inquirer, Sept-Oct, 1995 by Lee Loevinger
Main theme: As knowledge about nature expands, so does ignorance, and ignorance may increase
more than its related knowledge.
1. The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors
to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself,
the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the
aggregate, we call including language, science, literature, art, all the physical
mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society
relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing
and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is
steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But
continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of
this assumption.
2. In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic
evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that recapitulates
phylogeny
human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human
species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance,
comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a
child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view
is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in
which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if
society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.
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3. Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great
American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:
While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even
more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying
principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the
rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The
future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.
4. In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement
of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today.
However, many still cling to the notion that such a state of knowledge remains a possibility to be
attained sooner or later. Stephen Hawking, the great English scientist, in his immensely popular
book A Brief History of Time (1988), concludes with the speculation that we may a
complete theory
the mind of God.
human mind may be able to grasp some of the secrets encompassed by the title of his book The
Mind of God (1992). Other contemporary scientists write of of everything,meaning
theories that explain all observable physical phenomena, and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg,
one of the founders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a
Final Theory (1992).
5. Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of these and many other contemporary scientists,
there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the
body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all questions in any field. On the
contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas
of ignorance and of new questions to be answered.
6. Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences, and its development is a model of other fields of
knowledge. People have been observing the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of
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recorded history. As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of the
constellations.
7. During the first five thousand years or more of observing the heavens, observation was
confined to the narrow band of visible light. In the last half of this century astronomical
observations have been made across the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio
waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere.
It is no exaggeration to say chat since the end of World War II more astronomical data have been
gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.
8. However, despite all improvements in instrumentation, increasing sophistication of analysis
and calculation augmented by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data,
or knowledge, we still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the
solar system with a high degree of certainty. Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an
editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock (1993) that a surprisingly subtle chaos
pervades the solar system. He states:
In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented
asrtonomers and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of
contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial
mechanics. Each step toward resolving this and related questions has only exposed additional
uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.
9. Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology, general relativity
and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematical language, and thus are
inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories were in the sixteenth
century, although both contemporary theories continue to be used, but for different calculations.
Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, in The Emperors New Mind (1989), contends that this
inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls
quantum gravity.
……
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10. The progress of biological and life sciences has been similar to that of the physical sciences,
except that it has occurred several centuries later. The theory of biological evolution first came to
the attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. But Darwin
lacked any explanation of the causes of variation and inheritance of characteristics. These were
provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the
publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.
11. Medicine, according to Lewis Thomas, is the youngest science, having become truly scientific
only in the 1930s. Recent and ongoing research has created uncertainty about even such basic
concepts as when and how life begins and when death occurs, and we are spending billions in an
attempt to learn how much it may be possible to know about human genetics. Modern medicine
has demonstrably improved both our life expectancies and our health, and further improvements
continue to be made as research progresses. But new questions arise even more rapidly than our
research resources grow, as the host of problems related to the Human Genome Project illustrates.
12. From even such an abbreviated and incomplete survey of science as this, it appears that
increasing knowledge does not result in a commensurate decrease in ignorance, but, on the
contrary, exposes new lacunae in our comprehension and confronts us with unforeseen questions
disclosing areas of ignorance of which we were not previously aware.
13. Thus the concept of science as an expanding body of knowledge that will eventually
encompass or dispel all significant areas of ignorance is an illusion. Scientists and philosophers
are now observing that it is naive to regard science as a process that begins with observations that
are organized into theories and are then subsequently tested by experiments. The late Karl Popper,
a leading philosopher of science, wrote in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1960) chat
science starts from problems, not from observations, and chat every worthwhile new theory raises
new problems. Thus there is no danger that science will come to an end because it has completed
its task, clanks to the
14. At least since Thomas Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), it has
been generally recognized that observations are the result of theories (called paradigms by Kuhn
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and other philosophers), for without theories of relevance and irrelevance there would be no basis
for determining what observations to make. Since no one can know everything, to be fully
informed on any subject (a claim sometimes made by those in authority) is simply to reach a
judgment that additional data are not important enough to be worth the trouble of securing or
considering.
15. To carry the analysis another step, it must be recognized that theories are the result of
questions and questions are the product of perceived ignorance. Thus it is chat ignorance gives
rise to inquiry chat produces knowledge, which, in turn, discloses new areas of ignorance. This is
the paradox of knowledge: As knowledge increases so does ignorance, and ignorance may
increase more than its related knowledge.
16. My own metaphor to illustrate the relationship of knowledge and ignorance is based on a line
from Matthew Arnold:
chat, indeed, envelops our world, is ignorance. Knowledge is the illumination shed by whatever
candles (or more technologically advanced light sources) we can provide. As we light more and
more figurative candles, the area of illumination enlarges; but the area beyond illumination
increases geometrically. We know chat there is much we don't know; but we cannot know how
much there is chat we don't know. Thus knowledge is finite, but ignorance is infinite, and the
finite cannot ever encompass the infinite.
17. This is a revised version of an article originally published in COSMOS 1994. Copyright 1995
by Lee Loevinger.





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Text 2 Tyranny of the Urgent
Charles E. Hummel
Have you ever wished for a thirty-hour day? Surely this extra time would relieve
the tremendous pressure under which we live. Our lives leave a trail of unfinished
tasks. Unanswered letters, unvisited friends, unwritten articles, and unread books
haunt quiet moments when we stop to evaluate. We desperately need relief.
But would a thirty-hour day really solve the problem? Wouldn’t we soon be
just as frustrated as we are now with our twenty-four allotment? A mother’s work is
never finished, and neither is that of any student, teacher, minister, or anyone else we
know. Nor will the passage of time help us catch up. Children grow in number and
age to require more of our time. Greater experience in profession and church brings
more exacting assignments. So we find ourselves working more and enjoying it less.

JUMBLED PRIORITIES…

When we stop to evaluate, we realize that our dilemma goes deeper than a
shortage of time; it is basically the problem of priorities. Hard work does not hurt us.
We all know what it is to go full speed for long hours, totally involved in an important
task. The resulting weariness is matched by a sense of achievement and joy. Not
hard work, but doubt and misgiving, produce anxiety as we review a month or year
and become oppressed by the pile of unfinished tasks. We sense uneasily that we
may have failed to do the important. The winds of people’s demands have driven us
onto a reef of frustration. We confess, quite apart from our sins, “We have left
undone those things which we ought to have done; and we have done those things
which we ought not to have done.”
Several years ago an experienced cotton mill manager said to me, “Your
greatest danger is letting the urgent things crowd out the important.” He didn’t
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realize how hard his maxim hit. It often returns to haunt and rebuke me by raising
the critical problem of priorities.
We live in constant tension between the urgent and the important. The
problem is that the important task rarely must be done today or even this week.
Extra hours of prayer and Bible study, a visit with the non-Christian friend, careful
study of an important book: these projects can wait. But the urgent tasks call for
instant action---endless demands pressure every hour and day.
A man’s home is no longer his castle; it is no longer a place from urgent tasks
because the telephone breaches the walls with imperious demands. The momentary
appeal of these tasks seems irresistible and important, and they devour our energy.
But in the light of time’s perspective their deceptive prominence fades; with a sense
of loss we recall the important task pushed aside. We realize we’ve become slaves
to the tyranny of the urgent.

CAN YOU ESCAPE…….?

Is there any escape from this pattern of living? The answer lies in the life of
our Lord. On the night before He died, Jesus made an astonishing claim. In the
great prayer of John 17 He said, “ I have finished the work which Thou gavest me to
do” (verse 4).
How could Jesus use the word “finished”? His three- year ministry seemed all
too short. A prostitute at Simon’s banquet had found forgiveness and a new life, but
many others still walked the street without forgiveness and a new life. For every ten
withered muscles that had flexed into health, a hundred remained impotent. Yet on
that last night, with many useful tasks undone and urgent human needs unmet, the
Lord had peace; He knew He had finished God’s work.
The Gospel records show that Jesus worked hard. After describing a busy day
Mark writes, “That evening at sundown, they brought to Him all who were sick or
possessed with demons. And the whole city was gathered about the door. And He
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healed many who were sick with various diseases, and cast out many demons”
(1:32-34).
On another occasion the demand of the ill and maimed caused Him to miss
supper and to work so late that His family thought He was beside Himself (Mark
3:21). One day after a strenuous teaching session, Jesus and His disciples went out
in a boat. Even a storm didn’t awaken Him (Mark 4:37-38). What a picture of
exhaustion.
Yet His life was never feverish; He had time for people. He could spend hours
talking to one person, such as the Samaritan women at the well. His life showed a
wonderful balance, a sense of timing. When His brothers wanted Him to go to Judea,
He replied, “My time has not yet come” (John 7:6). Jesus did not ruin His gifts by
haste. In The Discipline and Culture of the Spiritual Life, A.E. Whiteham observes;
“Here in this Man is adequate purpose…inward rest, that gives an air of leisure to His
crowded life: above all there is in this Man a secret and a power of dealing with the
waste-products of life, the waste of pain, disappointment, enmity, death---turning to
divine uses the abuses of man, transforming arid places of pain to fruitfulness,
triumphing at last in death and making a short life of thirty years or so, abruptly cut
off, to be a ‘finished’ life. We cannot admire the poise and beauty of this human life,
and then ignore the things that made it.”

WAIT FOR INSTRUCTIONS…

What was the secret of Jesus’ work? We find a clue following Mark’s account
of Jesus’ busy day. Mark observes that “….in the morning, a great while before day,
He rose and went out to a lonely place, and there He prayed” (Mark 1:35). Here is
the secret of Jesus’ life and work for God: He prayerfully waited for His Father’s
instructions and for the strength to follow them. Jesus had no divinely-drawn
blueprint; He discerned the Father’s will day by day in a life of prayer. By this
means He warded off the urgent and accomplished the important.
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Lazarus’s death illustrates this principle. What could have been more
important than the urgent message from Mary and Martha, “Lord, he whom you love
is ill” (John 11:3)? John records the Lord’s response in these paradoxical words:
“Now Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus. So when He heard that he was
ill, He stayed two days longer in the place where He was” (verses 5-6). What was
the urgent need? Obviously it was to prevent the death of this beloved brother. But
the important thing from God’s point of view was to raise Lazarus from the dead.
So Lazarus was allowed to die. Later Jesus revived him as a sign of His magnificent
claim, “I am the resurrection and the life: he who believes in Me though he die, yet
shall he live” (verse 25).
We may wonder why our Lord’s ministry was so short, why it could not have
lasted another five or ten years, why so many wretched sufferers were left in their
misery. Scripture gives not answer to these questions, and we leave them in the
mystery of God’s purposes. But we do know that Jesus’ prayerful waiting for God’s
instructions freed Him from the tyranny of the urgent. It gave Him a sense of
direction, set a steady pace and enabled Him to do every task God assigned. And on
the last night He could say, “I have finished the work which Thou gavest me to do.”

DEPENDENCE MAKES YOU FREE…

Freedom from the tyranny of the urgent is found in the example and promise of
our Lord. At the end of a vigorous debate with the Pharisees in Jerusalem, Jesus said
to those who believed in Him: “If you continue in My Word, you are truly my
disciples, and you will know the truth, and the truth will make you free… Truly,
truly, I say to you, everyone who commits sin is a slave to sin…So if the Son makes
you free, you will be free indeed” (John 8:31-36).
Many of us have experienced Christ’s deliverance from the penalty of sin.
Are we letting Him free us from the tyranny of the urgent? He points the way: “If
you continue in My Word.” This is the way to freedom. Through prayerful
meditation on God’s Word we gain His perspective.
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P.T. Forsyth once said, “The worst sin is prayerlessness.” We usually think of
murder, adultery, or theft as among the worst. But the root of all sin is
self-sufficiency--- independence from God. When we fail to wait prayerfully for
God’s guidance and strength we are saying, with our actions, if not our lips, that we
do not need Him. How much of our service is characterized by “going it alone”?
The opposite of such independence is prayer in which we acknowledge our
need for God’s instruction and supply. Concerning a dependent relationship with
God, Donald Baillie says: “Jesus lived His life in complete dependence upon God, as
we all ought to live our lives. But such dependence does not destroy human
personality. Man is never so truly and fully personal as when he is living in
complete dependence upon God. This is how personality comes into its own. This
is humanity at its most personal.”
Prayerful waiting on God is indispensable to effective service. Like the
time-out in a football game, it enables us to catch our breath and fix new strategy.
As we wait for directions, the Lord frees us from the tyranny of the urgent. He
shows us the truth about Himself, ourselves, and our tasks. He impresses on our
minds the assignments He want us to undertake. The need itself is not the call; the
call must come form the God who knows our limitation. “The Lord pities those who
fear Him. For He knows our frame; He remembers that we are dust” (Psalm
103:13-14). It is not God who loads us until we bend or crack with an ulcer, nervous
breakdown, heart attack, or stroke. These come from our inner compulsions coupled
with the pressure of circumstances.

EVALUATE…

The modern businessman recognizes this principle of taking time out for
evaluation. When Greenwalt was president of DuPont, he said, “One minute spent
in planning saves three or four minutes in execution.” Many salesmen have
revolutionized their profits by setting aside Friday afternoon to plan carefully the
major activities for the coming week. If an executive is too busy to stop and plan, he
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may find himself replaced by another man who takes time to plan. If the Christian is
too busy to stop, take spiritual inventory, and receive his assignments from God, he
becomes a slave to the tyranny of the urgent. He may work day and night to achieve
much that seems significant to himself and others, but he will not finish the work God
has for him to do.
A quiet time of meditation and prayer at the start of the day refocuses our
relationship with God. Recommit yourself to His will as you think of the hours that
follow. In these unhurried moments list in order of priority the tasks to be done,
taking into account commitments already made. A competent general always draws
up his battle plan before he engages the enemy; he does not postpone basic decisions
until the firing starts. But he is also prepared to change his plans if an emergency
demands it. So try to implement the plans you have made before the day’s battle
against the clock begins. But be open to any emergency interruption or unexpected
person who may call.
You may also find it necessary to resist the temptation to accept an engagement
when the invitation first comes over the telephone. No matter how clear the calendar
may look at the moment, ask for a day or two to pray for guidance before committing
yourself. Surprisingly the engagement often appears less important after the
pleading voice has become silent. If you can withstand the urgency of the initial
moment, you will be in a better position to weigh the cost and discern whether the
task is God’s will for you.
In addition to your daily quiet time, set aside one hour a week for spiritual
inventory. Write an evaluation of the past, record anything God may be teaching
you, and plan objectives for the future. Also try to reserve most of one day each
month for a similar inventory of longer range. Often you will fail. Ironically, the
busier you get the more you need this time of inventory, but the less you seem to be
able to take it. You become like the fanatic, who, when unsure of his direction,
doubles his speed. And frenetic service for God can become an escape from God.
But when you prayerfully take inventory and plan your days, it provides fresh
perspective on your work.
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CONTINUE THE EFFORT…

Over the years the greatest continuing struggle in the Christian life is the effort
to make adequate time for daily waiting on God, weekly inventory, and monthly
planning. Because this time for receiving marching orders is so important, Satan
will do everything he can to squeeze it out. Yet we know from experience that only
by this means can we escape the tyranny of the urgent. This is how Jesus succeeded.
He did not finish all the urgent tasks in Palestine or all the things He would have liked
to do, but He did finish the work which God gave Him to do. The only alternative to
frustration is to be sure that we are doing what God wants. Nothing substitutes for
knowing that this day, this hour, in this place we are doing the will of the Father.
Then and only then can we think of all the other unfinished tasks with equanimity and
leave them with God.
Sometime ago Simba bullets killed a young man, Dr Paul Carson. In the
providence of God, his life’s work was finished. Most of us will live longer and die
more quietly, but when the end comes, what could give us greater joy than being sure
that we have finished the work God gave us to do? The grace of our Lord Jesus
Christ makes this fulfillment possible. He has promised deliverance from the sin and
the power to serve God in the tasks of His choice. The way is clear. If we continue
in the Word of our Lord, we are truly His disciples. And He will free us from the
tyranny of the urgent, free us to do the important, which is the will of God.

Copyright 1967 by Intervarsity Christian Fellowship. Reprinted by permission of InterVarsity Press,
Downers Grove, Il 60515

A Discussion of Tyranny of the Urgent
It seems to me that perfection of means and confusion of goals seem to characterize
our age.---Albert Einstein
The good is often the enemy of the best.----Unknown

1. Define the word “urgent” as used in the Tyranny of the Urgent.
______________________________________ _________________________
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___ __________________________________________________ __________
____________________________________ ___________________________
___________________ ____________________________________________
__ __________________________________________________ ___________
___________________________________ __________

2. Define the word “important” as used in the Tyranny of the Urgent.
_______ __________________________________________________ ______
________________________________________ _______________________
_______________________ ________________________________________
______ __________________________________________________ _______
_______________________________________ ________________________
______________________ _______________________

3. In the space below, jot down the thoughts that most impressed you from your
reading of Tyranny of the Urgent.
______________________________________ _________________________
_____________________ __________________________________________
____ __________________________________________________ _________
_____________________________________ __________________________
____________________ ___________________________________________
___ __________________________________________











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