全新版大学英语综合教程-4-课文电子书

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成语故事大全-小学四年级英语

2020年12月31日发(作者:任大椿)


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全新版大学英语第四册课文

Unit 1 Text A The ICY Defender

Text 课文

They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, the many victories
they enjoyed led them to believe that anything was possible, that nothing could stand in their way.
Russia's icy defender was to prove them wrong.

THE ICY DEFENDER

Nila B, Smith

In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was
prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared
for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the
devastating enemy that met him in Moscow — the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.

In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as
Russia then was called. Hitler's military might was unequaled. His war machine had mowed down
resistance in most of Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was
taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.

Napoleon's Campaign

In the spring of 1812, Napoleon assembled an army of six hundred thousand men on the
borders of Russia. The soldiers were well trained, efficient, and well equipped. This military force was
called the Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the conquest of Russia in
five weeks.

Shortly afterwards, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River into Russia. The quick, decisive
victory that Napoleon expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians refused to stand and
fight. Instead, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. The Grand Army
followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply lines.

In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten
thousand dead on each side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into Russian territory.
Napoleon had won no decisive victory. He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he continue
to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?

Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448 kilometers away. On September
7,1812, the French and Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112 kilometers west of
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Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand French and forty- four thousand Russians lay dead or wounded
on the battlefield.

Again, the Russian army retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the
occupation of the city became an empty victory. The Russians fled their capital. Soon after the French
arrived, a raging fire destroyed two-thirds of the city. Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the
Russian czar knew he could bide his time:

Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in Moscow during the
winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.

The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched
hit- and-run attacks on the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature had already
dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On November 3, the winter's first snow came. Exhausted horses
fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow. Equipment had to be burned for fuel.
Soldiers took ill and froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every
mile.

As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain
defeat. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the
bridges over the swollen river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges.
Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the
Berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward Vilna.

Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred
thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon,
Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In
March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end.

Hitler's Invasion

By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had seized control of most of Europe. To
the east of Hitler's German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22,1941, without a declaration of
war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in
history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three
months. He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or war,tactics that had defeated the rest of
Europe. The invasion had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through the
Ukraine.

Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to

rendered useless. During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front eastward,
and the Russians suffered more than a million casualties.

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In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite great suffering, however, the people
of Leningrad refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter, the city's
situation became desperate. As food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. By the middle of
the winter of 1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death every day. Close to one million
people died as a result of the siege.

In the center of Russia, Hitler's goal was the capture of Moscow. Because the Germans had
anticipated a quick victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies. October arrived with heavy
rains.

As Hitler's armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the
Soviet Union, the harshest in years. Temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius. Heavy snows
fell. The German soldiers, completely unprepared for the Russian winter, froze in their light summer
uniforms. The German tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian winter brought the
German offensive to a halt.

By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new offensives. In the south, the Germans
captured Sevastopol. Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city that stretched for 48
kilometers along the Volga River. Despite great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up
Stalingrad.

In November 1942, the Russians launched a counterattack. With little or no shelter from the
winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and
supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand
Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving soldiers were left. The loss of the battle
for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to
the Russian winter.

During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the German front back toward the west. In the
north, the Red Army broke the three-year siege of Leningrad with a surprise attack on January
15,1944. Within two weeks, the heroic survivors of Leningrad saw their invaders depart. By March
1944, the Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. On May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was
liberated from the Germans. The Russians were now heading for Berlin.

For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned into a military disaster. For the Russian
people, it brought unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II reached almost 23
million.

Russia's Icy Defender

The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler
both underestimated the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures took
their toll on both invading armies. For the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.

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Unit Two Text A Smart Cars

Text 课文

Smart cars that can see, hear, feel, smell, and talk? And drive on their own? This may sound like a
dream, but the computer revolution is set to turn it into a reality.

SMART CARS

Michio Kaku

Even the automobile industry, which has remained largely unchanged for the last seventy years,
is about to feel the effects of the computer revolution.

The automobile industry ranks as among the most lucrative and powerful industries of the
twentieth century. There are presently 500 million cars on earth, or one car for every ten people. Sales
of the automobile industry stand at about a trillion dollars, making it the world's biggest
manufacturing industry.

The car, and the roads it travels on, will be revolutionized in the twenty-first century. The key to
tomorrow's
smell and talk and act,
program, which is designing the smart car and road of the future.

Approximately 40,000 people are killed each year in the United States in traffic accidents. The
number of people that are killed or badly injured in car accidents is so vast that we don't even bother
to mention them in the newspapers anymore. Fully half of these fatalities come from drunk drivers,
and many others from carelessness. A smart car could eliminate most of these car accidents. It can
sense if a driver is drunk via electronic sensors that can pick up alcohol vapor in the air, and refuse to
start up the engine. The car could also alert the police and provide its precise location if it is stolen.

Smart cars have already been built which can monitor one's driving and the driving conditions
nearby. Small radars hidden in the bumpers can scan for nearby cars. Should you make a serious
driving mistake (e.g., change lanes when there is a car in your spotthe computer would
sound an immediate warning.

At the MIT Media Lab, a prototype is already being built which will determine how sleepy you
are as you drive, which is especially important for long-distance truck drivers. The monotonous,
almost hypnotic process of staring at the center divider for long hours is a grossly underestimated,
life-threatening hazard. To eliminate this, a tiny camera hidden in the dashboard can be trained on a
driver's face and eyes. If the driver's eyelids close for a certain length of time and his or her driving
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becomes erratic, a computer in the dashboard could alert the driver.

Two of the most frustrating things about driving a car are getting lost and getting stuck in traffic.
While the computer revolution is unlikely to cure these problems, it will have a positive impact.
Sensors in your car tuned to radio signals from orbiting satellites can locate your car precisely at any
moment and warn of traffic jams. We already have twenty-four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth,
making up what is called the Global Positioning System. They make it possible to determine your
location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. At any given time, there are several GPS
satellites orbiting overhead at a distance of about 11,000 miles. Each satellite contains four
clocks,

As a satellite passes overhead, it sends out a radio signal that can be detected by a receiver in a
car's computer. The car's computer can then calculate how far the satellite is by measuring how long it
took for the signal to arrive. Since the speed of light is well known, any delay in receiving the satellite's
signal can be converted into a distance.

In Japan there are already over a million cars with some type of navigational capability. (Some of
them locate a car's position by correlating the rotations in the steering wheel to its position on a map.)

With the price of microchips dropping so drastically, future applications of GPS are virtually
limitless.
Corp., which manufactures navigational systems. Blind individuals could use GPS sensors in walking
sticks, airplanes could land by remote control, hikers will be able to locate their position in the woods
— the list of potential uses is endless.

GPS is actually but part of a larger movement, called
to put smart cars on smart highways. Prototypes of such highways already exist in Europe, and
experiments are being made in California to mount computer chips, sensors, and radio transmitters
on highways to alert cars to traffic jams and obstructions.

On an eight-mile stretch of Interstate 15 ten miles north of San Diego, traffic engineers are
installing an MIT-designed system which will introduce the plan calls for
computers, aided by thousands of three-inch magnetic spikes buried in the highway, to take complete
control of the driving of cars on heavily trafficked roads. Cars will be bunched into groups of ten to
twelve vehicles, only six feet apart, traveling in unison, and controlled by computer.

Promoters of this computerized highway have great hopes for its future. By 2010, telematics may
well be incorporated into one of the major highways in the United States. If successful, by 2020, as
the price of microchips drops to below a penny a piece, telematics could be adopted in thousands of
miles of highways in the United States. This could prove to be an environmental boon as well, saving
fuel, reducing traffic jams, decreasing air pollution, and serving as an alternative to highway
expansion.

Unit 3 Text A Get The Job You Want
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Text 课文

Harvey Mackay, who runs his own company, often interviews applicants for jobs. Here he lets us into
the secret of what qualities an employer is looking for, and gives four tips on what can help you to
stand out from the crowd.

GET THE JOB YOU WANT

Harvey B, Mackay

I run a manufacturing company with about 350 employees, and I often do the interviewing and
hiring myself. I like talking to potential salespeople, because they're our link to customers.

When a recent college graduate came into my office not too long ago looking for a sales job, I
asked him what he had done to prepare for the interview. He said he'd read something about us
somewhere.

Had he called anyone at Mackay Envelope Corporation to find out more about us? No. Had he
called our suppliers? Our customers? No.

Had he checked with his university to see if there were any graduates working at Mackay whom
he could interview? Had he asked any friends to grill him in a mock interview? Did he go to the
library to find newspaper clippings on us?

Did he write a letter beforehand to tell us about himself, what he was doing to prepare for the
interview and why he'd be right for the job? Was he planning to follow up the interview with another
letter indicating his eagerness to join us? Would the letter be in our hands within 24 hours of the
meeting, possibly even hand- delivered?

The answer to every question was the same: no. That left me with only one other question: How
well prepared would this person be if he were to call on a prospective customer for us? I already knew
the answer.

As I see it, there are four keys to getting hired:

1. Prepare to win.
among musicians.
days of practice, the audience notices the difference.

When we watch a world-class musician or a top athlete, we don't see the years of preparation
that enabled him or her to become great. The Michael Jordans of the world have talent, yes, but
they're also the first ones on and the last ones off the basketball court. The same preparation applies
in every form of human endeavor. If you want the job, you have to prepare to win it.
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When I graduated from college, the odds were good that I would have the same job for the rest
of my life. And that's how it worked out. But getting hired is no longer a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
Employment experts believe that today's graduates could face as many as ten job changes during their
careers.

That may sound like a lot of pressure. But if you're prepared, the pressure is on the other folks
— the ones who haven't done their homework.

You won't get every job you go after. The best salespeople don't close every sale. Michael Jordan
makes barely half of his field-goal attempts. But it takes no longer to prepare well for one interview
than to wander in half-prepared for five. And your prospects for success will be many times better.

2. Never stop learning. Recently I played a doubles tennis match paired with a 90-year-old. I
wondered how things would work out; I shouldn't have. We hammered our opponents 6-1, 6-1!

As we were switching sides to play a third set, he said to me, you mind if I play the
backhand court? I always like to work on my weaknesses.
has never stopped learning. Incidentally, we won the third set 6-1.

As we walked off the court, my 90-year-old partner chuckled and said,
know about my number-one ranking in doubles in the United States in my age bracket, 85 and up!
He wasn't thinking 90; he wasn't even thinking 85. He was thinking number one.

You can do the same if you work on your weaknesses and develop your strengths. To be able to
compete, you've got to keep learning all your life.

3. Believe in yourself, even when no one else does. Do you remember the four-minute mile?
Athletes had been trying to do it for hundreds of years and finally decided it was physically impossible
for humans. Our bone structure was all wrong, our lung power inadequate.

Then one human proved the experts wrong. And, miracle of miracles, six weeks after Roger
Bannister broke the four-minute mile, John Landy beat Bannister's time by nearly two full seconds.
Since then, close to eight hundred runners have broken the four-minute mile!

Several years ago my daughter Mimi and I took a crack at running the New York Marathon. At
the gun, 23,000 runners started — and 21,244 finished. First place went to a Kenyan who completed
the race in two hours, 11 minutes and one second. The 21,244th runner to finish was a Vietnam
veteran. He did it in three days, nine hours and 37 minutes. With no legs, he covered 26.2 miles. After
my daughter and I passed him in the first few minutes, we easily found more courage to finish
ourselves.

Don't ever let anyone tell you that you can't accomplish your goals. Who says you're not tougher,
harder working and more able than your competition? You see, a goal is a dream with a deadline: in
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writing, measurable, identifiable, attainable.

4. Find a way to make a difference. In my opinion, the majority of New York cabdrivers are
unfriendly, if not downright rude. Most of the cabs are filthy, and almost all of them sport an
impenetrable, bulletproof partition. But recently I jumped into a cab at LaGuardia Airport and guess
what? It was clean. There was beautiful music playing and no partition.

Lane Hotel, please,I said to the driver. With a broad smile, he said, my name is
Wally,
safely, courteously and on time.

As we drove off, he held up a choice of newspapers and said,
myself to the fruit in the basket on the back seat. He held up a cellular phone and said,
minute if you'd like to make a call.

Shocked, I blurted, long have you been practicing this?He answered, or four
years.





He doesn't know it, but he's my hero. He's living proof that you can always shift the odds in
your favor.

My mentor, Curt Carlson, is the wealthiest man in Minnesota, owner of a hotel and travel
company with sales in the neighborhood of $$9 billion. I had to get to a meeting in New York one day,
and Curt generously offered me a ride in his jet. It happened to be a day Minnesota was hit with one
of the worst snowstorms in years. Minneapolis- St. Paul International Airport was closed for the first
time in decades.

Then, though the storm continued to pound us, the airport opened a runway for small craft only.
As we were taxiing down it to take off, Curt turned to me and said gleefully,
in the snow!

Curt Carlson, 70 years old at the time, rich beyond anyone's dreams, could still sparkle with
excitement about being first.

From my standpoint, that's what it's all about. Prepare to win. Never stop learning. Believe in
yourself, even when no one else does. Find a way to make a difference. Then go out and make your
own tracks in the snow.

Unit 4Text A America As A Collage

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Text 课文

Is America going to decline like other great nations have before? The author thinks not, arguing that
the type of society being created in America is quite unlike any that has gone before it. Read what he
has to say and see whether you agree.

AMERICA AS A COLLAGE

Ryzsard Kapuscinski

The mere fact that America still attracts millions of people is evidence that it is not in decline.
People aren't attracted to a place of decline. Signs of decline are sure to be found in a place as
complex as America: debt, crime, the homeless, drugs, dropouts. But the main characteristic of
America, the first and most enduring impression, is dynamism, energy, aggressiveness, forward
movement.

It is so hard to think of this nation in decline when you know that there are vast regions of the
planet which are absolutely paralyzed, incapable of any improvement at all.

It is difficult for me to agree with Paul Kennedy's thesis in The Rise and Fall of Great Powers
that America must inevitably follow historical precedent. That's the way history used to be — all
powerful nations declined and gave way to other empires. But maybe there is another way to look at
what is happening. I have a sense that what is going on here concerns much more than the fate of a
nation.

It may be that the Euro-centered American nation is declining as it gives way to a new Pacific
civilization that will include, but not be limited to, America. Historically speaking, America may not
decline, but instead fuse with the Pacific culture to create a kind of vast Pacific collage, a mix of
Hispanic and Asian cultures linked through the most modern communication technologies.

Traditional history has been a history of nations. But here, for the first time since the Roman
Empire, there is the possibility of creating the history of a civilization. Now is the first chance on a
new basis with new technologies to create a civilization of unprecedented openness and pluralism. A
civilization of the polycentric mind. A civilization that leaves behind forever the ethnocentric, tribal
mentality. The mentality of destruction.

Los Angeles is a premonition of this new civilization.

Linked more to the Third World and Asia than to the Europe of America's racial and cultural
roots. Los Angeles and southern California will enter the twenty-first century as a multiracial and
multicultural society. This is absolutely new. There is no previous example of a civilization that is
being simultaneously created by so many races, nationalities, and cultures. This new type of cultural
pluralism is completely unknown in the history of mankind.

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America is becoming more plural every day because of the unbelievable facility of the new Third
World immigrants to put a piece of their original culture inside of American culture. The notion of a

you are somewhere else — in Seoul, in Taipei, in Mexico City. You can travel inside this Korean
culture right on the streets of Los Angeles. Inhabitants of this vast city become internal tourists in the
place of their own residence.

There are large communities of Laotians, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Mexicans, Salvadorans,
Guatemalans, Iranians, Japanese, Koreans, Armenians, Chinese. We find here Little Taipei, Little
Saigon, Little Tokyo, Koreatown, Little Central America, the Iranian neighborhood in Westwood, the
Armenian community in Hollywood, and the vast Mexican- American areas of East Los Angeles.
Eighty-one languages, few of them European, are spoken in the elementary school system of the city
of Los Angeles.

This transformation of American culture anticipates the general trend in the composition of
mankind. Ninety percent of the immigrants to this city are from the Third World. At the beginning of
the twenty-first century, 90 percent of the world's population will be dark-skinned; the white race will
be no more than 11 percent of all human beings living on our planet.

Something that can only be seen in America: In the landscaped, ultraclean high-technology parks
of northern Orange County there is a personal computer company that seven years ago did not exist.
There were only strawberry fields where the plant is. Now, there is a $$500 million company with
factories in Hong Kong and Taiwan as well.

The company was founded by three young immigrants — a Pakistani Muslim and two Chinese
from Hong Kong. They only became citizens in 1984. Each individual is now probably worth $$30
million.

Walking through this company we see only young, dark faces — Vietnamese, Cambodians,
Laotians, Mexicans — and the most advanced technology. The culture of the work force is a mix of
Hispanic-Catholic family values and Asian- Confucian group loyalty. Employment notices are never
posted; hiring is done through the network of families that live in southern California. Not
infrequently, employees ask to work an extra twenty hours a week to earn enough money to help
members of their extended family buy their first home.

In Los Angeles, traditional Third World cultures are, for the first time, fusing with the most
modern mentalities and technologies.

Usually, the contact between developed and underdeveloped worlds has the character of
exploitation — just taking people's labor and resources and giving them nothing. And the border
between races has usually been a border of tension, of crisis. Here we see a revolution that is
constructive.

This Pacific Rim civilization being created is a new relationship between development and
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underdevelopment. Here, there is openness. There is hope. And a future. There is a multicultural
crowd. But it is not fighting. It is cooperating, peacefully competing, building. For the first time in
four hundred years of relations between the nonwhite Western world and the white Western world,
the general character of the relationship is cooperation and construction, not exploitation, not
destruction.

Unlike any other place on the planet, Los Angeles shows us the potential of development once
the Third World mentality merges with an open sense of possibility, a culture of organization, a
Western conception of time.

For the destructive, paralyzed world where I have spent most of my life, it is important, simply,
that such a possibility as Los Angeles exists.

To adjust the concept of time is the most difficult thing. It is a key revolution of development.

Western culture is a culture of arithmetical time. Time is organized by the clock. In non-Western
culture, time is a measure between events. We arrange a meeting at nine o'clock but the man doesn't
show up. We become anxious, offended. He doesn't understand our anxiety because for him, the
moment he arrives is the measure of time. He is on time when he arrives.

In 1924, the Mexican philosopher Jose Vasconcelos wrote a book dreaming of the possibility
that, in the future, all races on the planet would merge into one type of man. This type of man is
being borne in Los Angeles, in the cultural sense if not the anthropological sense. A vast mosaic of
different races, cultures, religions, and moral habits are working toward one common aim. From the
perspective of a world submerged in religious, ethnic, and racial conflict, this harmonious cooperation
is something unbelievable. It is truly striking.

What is the common aim that harmonizes competing cultures in one place?

It is not only the better living standard. What attracts immigrants to America is the essential
characteristic of American culture: the chance to try. There is a combination of two things that are
important: culture and space. The culture allows you to try to be somebody — to find yourself, your
place, your status. And there is space not only in a geographical sense, but in the sense of opportunity,
of social mobility. In societies that are in crisis and in societies which are stagnant — or even in those
which are stable — there is no chance to try. You are defined in advance. Destiny has already
sentenced you.

This is what unites the diverse races and cultures in America. If the immigrant to America at first
fails, he always thinks,
and pessimistic, accepting the place that was given to him. In America, he's thinking, will have
another chance, I will try again.

Unit 5 Text A A Friend in Need

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Text 课文

Some people seem easy to understand: their character appears obvious on first meeting. Appearances,
however, can be deceptive.



A FRIEND IN NEED

Somerset Mauqham

For thirty years now I have been studying my fellowmen. I do not know very much about them.
I shrug my shoulders when people tell me that their first impressions of a person are always right. I
think they must have small insight or great vanity. For my own part I find that the longer I know
people the more they puzzle me.

These reflections have occurred to me because I read in this morning's paper that Edward Hyde
Burton had died at Kobe. He was a merchant and he had been in business in Japan for many years. I
knew him very little, but he interested me because once he gave me a great surprise. Unless I had
heard the story from his own lips, I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action.
It was more startling because both in appearance and manner he suggested a very definite type. Here
if ever was a man all of a piece. He was a tiny little fellow, not much more than five feet four in height,
and very slender, with white hair, a red face much wrinkled, and blue eyes. I suppose he was about
sixty when I knew him. He was always neatly and quietly dressed in accordance with his age and
station.

Though his offices were in Kobe, Burton often came down to Yokohama. I happened on one
occasion to be spending a few days there, waiting for a ship, and I was introduced to him at the
British Club. We played bridge together. He played a good game and a generous one. He did not talk
very much, either then or later when we were having drinks, but what he said was sensible. He had a
quiet, dry humor. He seemed to be popular at the club and afterwards, when he had gone, they
described him as one of the best. It happened that we were both staying at the Grand Hotel and next
day he asked me to dine with him. I met his wife, fat, elderly, and smiling, and his two daughters. It
was evidently a united and affectionate family. I think the chief thing that struck me about Burton was
his kindliness. There was something very pleasing in his mild blue eyes. His voice was gentle; you
could not imagine that he could possibly raise it in anger; his smile was benign. Here was a man who
attracted you because you felt in him a real love for his fellows. At the same time he liked his game of
cards and his cocktail, he could tell with point a good and spicy story, and in his youth he had been
something of an athlete. He was a rich man and he had made every penny himself. I suppose one
thing that made you like him was that he was so small and frail; he aroused your instincts of
protection. You felt that he could not bear to hurt a fly.

One afternoon I was sitting in the lounge of the Grand Hotel when Burton came in and seated
himself in the chair next to mine.
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'What do you say to a little drink?'

He clapped his hands for a boy and ordered two gin fizzes. As the boy brought them a man
passed along the street outside and seeing me waved his hand.

'Do you know Turner?' said Burton as I nodded a greeting.

'I've met him at the club. I' m told he's a remittance man.'

'Yes, I believe he is. We have a good many here.'

'He plays bridge well.'

'They generally do. There was a fellow here last year, oddly enough a namesake of mine, who
was the best bridge player I ever met. I suppose you never came across him in London. Lenny Burton
he called himself. I believe he'd belonged to some very good clubs.'

'No, I don't believe I remember the name.'

'He was quite a remarkable player. He seemed to have an instinct about the cards. It was
uncanny. I used to play with him a lot. He was in Kobe for some time.'

Burton sipped his gin fizz.

'It's rather a funny story,' he said. 'He wasn't a bad chap. I liked him. He was always well-dressed
and smart-looking. He was handsome in a way with curly hair and pink-and- white cheeks. Women
thought a lot of him. There was no harm in him, you know, he was only wild. Of course he drank too
much. Those sort of fellows always do. A bit of money used to come on for him once a quarter and
he made a bit more by card-playing. He won a good deal of mine, I know that.'

Burton gave a kindly chuckle. I knew from my own experience that he could lose money at
bridge with a good grace. He stroked his shaven chin with his thin hand; the veins stood out on it and
it was almost transparent.

'I suppose that is why he came to me when he went broke, that and the fact that he was a
namesake of mine. He came to see me in my office one day and asked me for a job. I was rather
surprised.' He told me that there was no more money coming from home and he wanted to work. I
asked him how old he was.



'

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'

'I couldn't help laughing.

'afraid I can't do anything for you just yet,I said. back and see me in another
thirty-five years, and I'll see what I can do.

'He didn't move. He went rather pale. He hesitated for a moment and then he told me that he
had had bad luck at cards for some time. He hadn't been willing to stick to bridge, he'd been playing
poker, and he'd got trimmed. He hadn't a penny. He'd pawned everything he had. He couldn't pay his
hotel bill and they wouldn't give him any more credit. He was down and out. If he couldn't get
something to do he'd have to commit suicide.

'I looked at him for a bit. I could see now that he was all to pieces. He'd been drinking more
than usual and he looked fifty. The girls wouldn't have thought so much of him if they'd seen him
then.

'

'

'

'I could hardly believe my ears; it seemed such an insane answer to give.

'

'I got some glimmering of what he was driving at. I've known too many men who were little tin
gods at their university to be impressed by it.

'

'Suddenly I had an idea.'

Pausing in his story, Burton turned to me.

'Do you know Kobe?' he asked.

'No,' I said, 'I passed through it once, but I only spent a night there.'

'Then you don't know the Shioya Club. When I was a young man I swam from there round the
beacon and landed at the creek of Tarumi. It's over three miles and it's rather difficult on account of
the currents round the beacon. Well, I told my young namesake about it and I said to him that if he'd
do it I'd give him a job.
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'I could see he was rather taken aback.

'



'I didn't say anything. I shrugged my shoulders. He looked at me for a moment and then he
nodded.

'

'I looked at my watch. It was just after ten.


half past twelve and meet you. I'll take you back to the club to dress and then we'll have lunch
together.

'

'We shook hands. I wished him good luck and he left me. I had a lot of work to do that morning
and I only just managed to get to the creek at Tarumi at half past twelve. But I needn't have hurried;
he never turned up.'

'Did he funk it at the last moment?' I asked.

'No, he didn't funk it. He started all right. But of course he'd ruined his constitution by drink and
dissipation. The currents round the beacon were more than he could manage. We didn't get the body
for about three days.'

I didn't say anything for a moment or two. I was a trifle shocked. Then I asked Burton a
question.

'When you made him that offer of a job, did you know he'd be drowned?'

He gave a little mild chuckle and he looked at me with those kind and candid blue eyes of his.
He rubbed his chin with his hand.

'Well, I hadn't got a vacancy in my office at the moment.'

Unit 6 Text A OLD Father Time Becomes A Terror

Text 课文

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.
As the pace of life in today's world grows ever faster, we seem forever on the go. With so much to do
and so little time to do it in, how are we to cope? Richard Tomkins sets about untangling the problem
and comes up with an answer.

OLD FATHER TIME BECOMES A TERROR

Richard Tomkins

Once upon a time, technology, we thought, would make our lives easier. Machines were
expected to do our work for us, leaving us with ever-increasing quantities of time to waste away on
idleness and pleasure.

But instead of liberating us, technology has enslaved us. Innovations are occurring at a
bewildering rate: as many now arrive in a year as once arrived in a millennium. And as each invention
arrives, it eats further into our time.

The motorcar, for example, promised unimaginable levels of personal mobility. But now, traffic
in cities moves more slowly than it did in the days of the horse- drawn carriage, and we waste our lives
stuck in traffic jams.

The aircraft promised new horizons, too. The trouble is, it delivered them. Its very existence
created a demand for time-consuming journeys that we would never previously have dreamed of
undertaking — the transatlantic shopping expedition, for example, or the trip to a convention on the
other side of the world.

In most cases, technology has not saved time, but enabled us to do more things, in the home,
washing machines promised to free women from having to toil over the laundry. In reality, they
encouraged us to change our clothes daily instead of weekly, creating seven times as much washing
and ironing. Similarly, the weekly bath has been replaced by the daily shower, multiplying the hours
spent on personal grooming.

Meanwhile, technology has not only allowed work to spread into our leisure time — the
laptop-on-the-beach syndrome — but added the new burden of dealing with faxes, e-mails and
voicemails. It has also provided us with the opportunity to spend hours fixing software glitches on
our personal computers or filling our heads with useless information from the Internet.

Technology apart, the Internet points the way to a second reason why we feel so time-pressed:
the information explosion.

A couple of centuries ago, nearly all the world's accumulated learning could be contained in the
heads of a few philosophers. Today, those heads could not hope to accommodate more than a tiny
fraction of the information generated in a single day.

News, facts and opinions pour in from every corner of the world. The television set offers 150
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channels. There are millions of Internet sites. Magazines, books and CD-ROMs proliferate.


century, and the publication of a book was an event,says Edward Wilson, honorary curator in
entomology at Harvard University's museum of comparative zoology. I find myself
subscribing to 60 or 70 journals or magazines just to keep me up with what amounts to a minute
proportion of the expanding frontiers of scholarship.

There is another reason for our increased time stress levels, too: rising prosperity. As ever- larger
quantities of goods and services are produced, they have to be consumed. Driven on by advertising,
we do our best to oblige: we buy more, travel more and play more, but we struggle to keep up. So we
suffer from what Wilson calls discontent with super abundance — the confusion of endless choice.

Of course, not everyone is overstressed. a convenient shorthand to say we're all
time-starved, but we have to remember that it only applies to, say, half the population,
Willmott, director of the Future Foundation, a London research company.

got people retiring early, you've got the unemployed, you've got other people maybe
only peripherally involved in the economy who don't have this situation at all. If you're unemployed,
your problem is that you've got too much time, not too little.

Paul Edwards, chairman of the London-based Henley Centre forecasting group, points out that
the feeling of pressures can also be exaggerated, or self- imposed.
that about 50 percent of unemployed or retired people will tell you they never have enough time to
get things done,
you're not succeeding. Everyone wants to have a little bit of this stress to show they're an important
person.

There is another aspect to all of this too. Hour-by-hour logs kept by thousands of volunteers
over the decades have shown that, in the U.K., working hours have risen only slightly in the last 10
years, and in the U.S., they have actually fallen — even for those in professional and executive jobs,
where the perceptions of stress are highest.

In the U.S., John Robinson, professor of sociology at the University of Maryland, and Geoffrey
Godbey, professor of leisure studies at Penn State University found that, since the mid-1960s, the
average American had gained five hours a week in free time — that is, time left after working,
sleeping, commuting, caring for children and doing the chores.

The gains, however, were unevenly distributed. The people who benefited the most were singles
and empty-nesters. Those who gained the least — less than an hour — were working couples with
pre- school children, perhaps reflecting the trend for parents to spend more time nurturing their
offspring.

There is, of course, a gender issue here, too. Advances in household appliances may have
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encouraged women to take paying jobs: but as we have already noted, technology did not end
household chores. As a result, we see appalling inequalities in the distribution of free time between
the sexes. According to the Henley Centre, working fathers in the U.K. average 48 hours of free time
a week. Working mothers get 14.

Inequalities apart, the perception of the time famine is widespread, and has provoked a variety of
reactions. One is an attempt to gain the largest possible amount of satisfaction from the smallest
possible investment of time. People today want fast food, sound bytes and instant gratification. And
they become upset when time is wasted.



and it's a sense that you've lost something precious. If you lose some money you can earn some more,
but if you waste time you can never get it back.

People are also trying to buy time. Anything that helps streamline our lives is a growth market.
One example is what Americans call concierge services — domestic help, childcare, gardening and
decorating. And on-line retailers are seeing big increases in sales — though not, as yet, profits.

A third reaction to time famine has been the growth of the work-life debate. You hear more
about people taking early retirement or giving up high pressure jobs in favour of occupations with
shorter working hours. And bodies such as Britain's National Work-Life Forum have sprung up,
urging employers to end the long-hours culture among managers and to adopt family-friendly
working policies.

The trouble with all these reactions is that liberating time — whether by making better use of it,
buying it from others or reducing the amount spent at work — is futile if the hours gained are
immediately diverted to other purposes.

As Godbey points out, the stress we feel arises not from a shortage of time, but from the surfeit
of things we try to cram into it.
things to do. The array of choices is stunning. Our free time is increasing, but not as fast as our sense
of the necessary.

A more successful remedy may lie in understanding the problem rather than evading it.

Before the industrial revolution, people lived in small communities with limited communications.
Within the confines of their village, they could reasonably expect to know everything that was to be
known, see everything that was to be seen, and do everything that was to be done.

Today, being curious by nature, we are still trying to do the same. But the global village is a
world of limitless possibilities, and we can never achieve our aim.

It is not more time we need: it is fewer desires. We need to switch off the cell-phone and leave
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the children to play by themselves. We need to buy less, read less and travel less. We need to set
boundaries for ourselves, or be doomed to mounting despair.


Unit 7 Text A The Nightmare And The Dreams

Text 课文

Peggy Noonan lives in New York and writes a weekly column for The Wall Street Journal. This piece
is taken from one of them. In it she reflects on her week and on life in the city. Writing less than a
year away from the destruction of the World Trade Center, her thoughts are inevitably affected by
that terrible event.



THE NIGHTMARE AND THE DREAMS

¡ª How has Sept. 11 affected our national unconscious?

Peqqy Noonan

It is hot in New York. It is so hot that once when I had a fever a friend called and asked me how
I felt and I said,
And how I felt all day yesterday. It is hot. We feel as if we've been faxed.

I found myself fully awake at 5 a.m. yesterday and went for a walk on the Brooklyn Bridge. Now
more than ever the bridge seems like a great gift to my city. It spans. In the changed landscape of
downtown it is our undisturbed beauty, grown ever more stately each year. People seem to love it
more now, or at least mention it more or notice it more. So do I. It's always full of tourists but always
full of New Yorkers, too.

I am struck, as I always am when I' m on it, that I am walking on one of the engineering
wonders of the world. And I was struck yesterday that I was looking at one of the greatest views in
the history of man's creation, Manhattan at sunrise.

And all of it was free. A billionaire would pay billions to own this bridge and keep this view, but
I and my jogging, biking and hiking companions have it for nothing. We inherited it. Now all we do is
pay maintenance, in the form of taxes. We are lucky.

As I rounded the entrance to the bridge on the Brooklyn side, a small moment added to my
happiness. It was dawn, traffic was light, I passed a black van with smoked windows. In the driver's
seat with the window down was a black man of 30 or so, a cap low on his brow, wearing thick black
sunglasses. I was on the walkway that leads to the bridge; he was less than two feet away; we were the
only people there. We made eye contact. morning!he said. morning to you,I
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answered, and for no reason at all we started to laugh, and moved on into the day. Nothing significant
in it except it may or may not have happened that way 30 or 40 years ago. I'm not sure the full charge
of friendliness would have been assumed or answered.

It made me think of something I saw Monday night on TV. They were showing the 1967 movie

a young white woman and a young black man who fall in love, hope to marry and must contend with
disapproving parents on both sides. It's held up well, and parts of it seemed moving in a way I didn't
remember, and pertinent.

There was a bit of dialogue that packed a wallop. Spencer Tracy as the father of the would-be
bride is pressing Mr. Poitier on whether he has considered the sufferings their mixed-race children
might have to endure in America. Has he thought about this? Has his fiancee?
says Mr. Poitier.
I on the other hand would settle for secretary of state.
seemed dreamy then. But in its audience when the movie came out would likely have been a young,
film-loving Army lieutenant named Colin Powell who, that year, was preparing for a second tour of
duty in Vietnam. And now he is secretary of state. This is the land dreams are made of. Does that
strike you as a corny thing to say and talk about? It is. That's another great thing.

Late Tuesday, on a subway ride from Brooklyn to the north of Manhattan, I resaw something I'd
noticed and forgotten about. It is that more and more, on the streets and on the train, I see people
wearing ID tags. We all wear IDs now. We didn't use to. They hang from thick cotton string or an
aluminum chain; they're worn one at a time or three at a time, but they're there.

I ponder the implications. What does it mean that we wear IDs? What are we saying, or do we
think we're saying? I mean aside from the obvious.

I imagined yesterday the row of people across from me on the train, looking up all of a sudden
from their newspaper and answering one after another:









''I'm not just blowing through life, I'm integrated into it. I belong to something. I receive a
regular paycheck.

had a background check done by security and have been found to be a Safe Person.
Have you?
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.

I wonder if unemployed people on the train look at the tags around the other peoples' necks and
think. Soon I hope I'll have one too. I wonder if kids just getting their first job at 17 will ever know
that in America we didn't all use to be ID'd. Used to be only for people who worked in nuclear power
plants or great halls of government. Otherwise you could be pretty obscure. Which isn't a bad way to
be.

A month ago there were news reports of a post-Sept. 11 baby boom. Everyone was so rocked by
news of their mortality that they realized there will never be a perfect time to have kids but we're here
now so let's have a family. I believed the baby boom story and waited for the babies.

Then came the stories saying: Nah, there is no baby boom, it's all anecdotal, there's no statistical
evidence to back it up. And I believed that too. But I've been noticing something for weeks now. In
my neighborhood there is a baby boom. There are babies all over in Brooklyn. It is full of newborns,
of pink soft-limbed infants in cotton carriers on daddy's chest. It is full of strollers, not only regular
strollers but the kind that carry two children ¡ª double-wides. And triple-wides. I don't care what
anyone says, there have got to be data that back up what I'm seeing: that after Sept. 11, there was at
least a Brooklyn baby boom.

A dream boom, too. The other day I spoke with a friend I hadn't seen since the world changed.
He was two blocks away when the towers fell, and he saw everything. We have all seen the
extraordinary footage of that day, seen it over and over, but few of us have seen what my friend
described: how in the office buildings near the World Trade Center they stood at the windows and
suddenly darkness enveloped them as the towers collapsed and the demonic cloud swept through.
Did you see those forced to jump? I asked.



Have you had bad dreams?



I thought about this for a few days. My friend is brilliant and by nature a describer of things felt
and seen. But not this time. I spoke to a friend who is a therapist. Are your patients getting
extraordinary dreams? I asked.



Sept. 11-related?



I asked if he was saving them, writing them down. He shook his head no.

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So: The Sept. 11 Dream Project. We should begin it. I want to, though I'm not sure why. I think
maybe down the road I will try to write about them. Maybe not. I am certain, however, that dreams
can be an expression of a nation's unconscious, if there can be said to be such a thing, and deserve
respect. (Carl Jung thought so.)

To respect is to record. Send in your Sept. 11 related dream ¡ª recurring, unusual, striking,
whatever. I will read them, and appreciate them and possibly weave them into a piece on what Sept.
11 has done to our dream lives and to our imaginations, when our imaginations are operating on their
own, unfettered, unstopped, spanning.

Unit 8 Text A In The Jungl

Text 课文

Annie Dillard tells of her visit to the Napo River in the heart of the Ecuadorian jungle, one of nature's
most unspoiled places. She describes the beauty of the forest and her admiration for the people who
live there.



IN THE JUNGLE

Annie Dillard

Like any out-of-the-way place, the Napo River in the Ecuadorian jungle seems real enough when
you are there, even central. Out of the way of what? I was sitting on a stump at the edge of a bankside
palm-thatch village, in the middle of the night, on the headwaters of the Amazon. Out of the way of
human life, tenderness, or the glance of heaven?

A nightjar in deep-leaved shadow called three long notes, and hushed. The men with me talked
softly: three North Americans, four Ecuadorians who were showing us the jungle. We were holding
cool drinks and idly watching a hand-sized tarantula seize moths that came to the lone bulb on the
generator shed beside us.

It was February, the middle of summer. Green fireflies spattered lights across the air and
illumined for seconds, now here, now there, the pale trunks of enormous, solitary trees. Beneath us
the brown Napo River was rising, in all silence; it coiled up the sandy bank and tangled its foam in
vines that trailed from the forest and roots that looped the shore.

Each breath of night smelled sweet. Each star in Orion seemed to tremble and stir with my
breath. All at once, in the thatch house across the clearing behind us came the sound of a recorder,
playing a tune that twined over the village clearing, muted our talk on the bankside, and wandered
over the river, dissolving downstream.

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This will do, I thought. This will do, for a weekend, or a season, or a home.

Later that night I loosed my hair from its braids and combed it smooth — not for myself, but so
the village girls could play with it in the morning.

We had disembarked at the village that afternoon, and I had slumped on some shaded steps,
wishing I knew some Spanish or some Quechua so I could speak with the ring of little girls who were
alternately staring at me and smiling at their toes. I spoke anyway, and fooled with my hair, which they
were obviously dying to get their hands on, and laughed, and soon they were all braiding my hair, all
five of them, all fifty fingers, all my hair, even my bangs. And then they took it apart and did it again,
laughing, and teaching me Spanish nouns, and meeting my eyes and each other's with open delight,
while their small brothers in blue jeans climbed down from the trees and began kicking a volleyball
around with one of the North American men.

Now, as I combed my hair in the little tent, another of the men, a freelance writer from
Manhattan, was talking quietly. He was telling us the tale of his life, describing his work in Hollywood,
his apartment in Manhattan, his house in Paris....
tent under a tree in the village of Pompeya, on the Napo River, in the jungle of Ecuador.
pause he added,

The point of going somewhere like the Napo River in Ecuador is not to see the most spectacular
anything. It is simply to see what is there. We are here on the planet only once, and might as well get a
feel for the place. We might as well get a feel for the fringes and hollows in which life is lived, for the
Amazon basin, which covers half a continent, and for the life that — there, like anywhere else — is
always and necessarily lived in detail: on the tributaries, in the riverside villages, sucking this particular
white-fleshed guava in this particular pattern of shade.

What is there is interesting. The Napo River itself is wide and brown, opaque, and smeared with
floating foam and logs and branches from the jungle. Parrots in flocks dart in and out of the light.
Under the water in the river, unseen, are anacondas — which are reputed to take a few village
toddlers every year — and water boas, crocodiles, and sweet-meated fish.

Low water bares gray strips of sandbar on which the natives build tiny palm-thatch shelters for
overnight fishing trips. You see these extraordinarily clean people (who bathe twice a day in the river,
and whose straight black hair is always freshly washed) paddling down the river in dugout canoes,
hugging the banks.

Some of the Indians of this region, earlier in the century, used to sleep naked in hammocks. The
nights are cold. Gordon MacCreach, an American explorer in these Amazon tributaries, reported that
he was startled to hear the Indians get up at three in the morning. He was even more startled, night
after night, to hear them walk down to the river slowly, half asleep, and bathe in the water. Only later
did he learn what they were doing: they were getting warm. The cold woke them; they warmed their
skins in the river, which was always ninety degrees; then they returned to their hammocks and slept
through the rest of the night.
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When you are inside the jungle, away from the river, the trees vault out of sight. Butterflies,
bright blue, striped, or clear-winged, thread the jungle paths at eye level. And at your feet is a swath of
ants bearing triangular bits of green leaf. The ants with their leaves look like a wide fleet of sailing
dinghies — but they don't quit. In either direction they wobble over the jungle floor as far as the eye
can see.

Long lakes shine in the jungle. We traveled one of these in dugout canoes, canoes paddled with
machete-hewn oars, or poled in the shallows with bamboo. Our part-Indian guide had cleared the
path to the lake the day before; when we walked the path we saw where he had impaled the lopped
head of a boa, open-mouthed, on a pointed stick by the canoes, for decoration.

This lake was wonderful. Herons plodded the shores, kingfishers and cuckoos clattered from
sunlight to shade, great turkey like birds fussed in dead branches, and hawks hung overhead. There
was all the time in the world. A turtle slid into the water. The boy in the bow of my canoe slapped
stones at birds with a simple sling, a rubber thong and leather pad. He aimed brilliantly at moving
targets, always, and always missed; the birds were out of range. He stuffed his sling back in his shirt. I
looked around.

The lake and river waters are as opaque as rainforest leaves; they are veils, blinds, painted screens.
You see things only by their effects. I saw the shoreline water heave above a thrashing paichi, an
enormous black fish of these waters; one had been caught the previous week weighing 430 pounds.
Piranha fish live in the lakes, and electric eels. I dangled my fingers in the water, figuring it would be
worth it.

We would eat chicken that night in the village, together with rice, onions and heaps of fruit. The
sun would ring down, pulling darkness after it like a curtain. Twilight is short, and the unseen birds of
twilight wistful, catching the heart. The two nuns in their dazzling white habits — the beautiful-boned
young nun and the warm-faced old — would glide to the open cane-and-thatch schoolroom in
darkness, and start the children singing. The children would sing in piping Spanish, high-pitched and
pure; they would sing My God to Theein Quechua, very fast. As the children became
excited by their own singing, they left their log benches and swarmed around the nuns, hopping,
smiling at us, everyone smiling, the nuns' faces bursting in their cowls, and the clear-voiced children
still singing, and the palm-leafed roofing stirred.

The Napo River: it is not out of the way. It is in the way, catching sunlight the way a cup catches
poured water; it is a bowl of sweet air, a basin of greenness, and of grace, and, it would seem, of
peace.


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