大二英语课本
中国旅游最好的地方-中华故事
Unit 6 download 1
Unit 6
Intercultural Communication
I.
Difficult Sentences
1. Like most ailments it
has its own cause, symptoms, and cure.
(1)
What does “it” refer to in this sentence?
(= “It” refers to culture shock.)
(2) In the
previous sentence, the author uses the word
“disease”, but here
the word “ailments” is
used. What is the difference between these two
words?
(=Disease is a general term
referring to an illness which affects a
person, animal, or plant. Ailment refers to an
illness that is not very
serious. Obviously,
culture shock is not a serious physical disease
that
is affecting one’s body. It is just a
kind of emotional discomfort usually
found in
somebody who has been suddenly transplanted
abroad. )
(3) Translate the sentence into
Chinese.
(=和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。)
2. … when to shake hands and what to say when
we meet people, when and
how to give tips, how
to give orders to servants, how to make purchases,
when to accept and when to refuse invitations,
when to take statements
seriously and when
not.
(1) Say something more about the usage of
“whenwhathow + infinitive”
structure.
(=There are three points to remember when you
use this kind of
structure: First, this
structure is used only after such English verbs as
ask, decide, discover, find out, forget,
know, learn, remember, see
(=understandperceive), and wonder, etc.;
Second, besides
“whenwhathow”, words like
“wherewhichwhether” can also be used
in this
structure; Third, the structure “whether +
infinitive” is usually
used after “want to
know” or “wonder.” )
More examples:
*I
found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
*I
didn’t know when to switch the machine off.
*I
wondered whether to write or phone.
(2)
Paraphrase “when to take statements seriously and
when not.”
(=when we should believe that these
statements are worth our
attention and when we
needn’t pay attention to them)
3. These
cues which may be words, gestures, facial
expressions, customs,
or norms are acquired by
all of us in the course of growing up and are
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as much a part
of our culture as the language we speak or the
beliefs
we accept.
(1) According to this
statement, what makes up our culture?
(=The
cues we acquire in daily life, the language we
speak, and the
beliefs we accept.)
(2)
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(=这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。
我们在成长的过程中获得了这些
暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受
的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。)
4.
All of us depend for our peace of mind and our
efficiency on hundreds of
these cues.
What is the implied meaning of this sentence?
(=Without these familiar cues such as words,
gestures, facial
expressions, customs, or
norms, we would probably get lost and suffer
from frustration and anxiety, and wouldn’t be
able to work efficiently.)
5. To an
American everything American becomes irrationally
glorified.
Do the two words “American” in
this sentence mean the same?
(=No, they don’t
mean the same. The first “American” is a noun,
meaning “someone from the USA,” while the
second is used as an
adjective, meaning
“relating to the USA.”)
6. The culture
of any people is the product of history and is
built up over
time largely through processes
which are beyond his awareness.
(1) What can
you infer from this sentence?
(=Culture
develops and builds up through a long but hardly
noticeable process.)
(2) Translate the
sentence into Chinese.
(=任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长
的、本民族意识
不到的过程才得以积累形成。)
7. To this
attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief
that not only
the culture but the race and the
nation form the center of the world.
(1) To
what kind of attitude do we give the name
ethnocentrism?
(=We give the name
ethnocentrism to the attitude that people
regard their culture as both the best and the
only way of doing
things.)
(2) How is
ethnocentrism defined in this sentence?
(=It
is a belief that not only the culture but the race
and the nation
form the center of the world.)
(3) Analyze the structure of this sentence.
(=a. The first part of this sentence uses the
technique of fronting (前
置手法). The regular
sentence order would be “We give the name
ethnocentrism to this attitude”; b. In the
second part, there is an
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appositive clause used to modify
“belief,” telling us the specific
content of
this “belief.”)
8. For instance, if an
American does something odd or anti-social in a
foreign country which back home would be
considered a purely
individual act, this is
now considered a national trait.
(1) What can
we infer from the sentence?
(=People tend to
attribute all individual peculiarities as national
characteristics.)
(2) Translate this
sentence into Chinese.
(=例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖
社会公德的事情，
在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民
族特性。
)
9. Instead of being censured as an
individual, his country is censured.
Paraphrase the sentence.
(=His country
rather than the individual himself would be
officially
criticized.)
10. This task
alone is quite enough to cause frustration and
anxiety, no
matter how skillful language
teachers are in making it easy for you.
(1)
What does “it” refer to?
(= It refers to the
act of learning a new language.)
(2) Translate
this sentence into Chinese.
(=无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你
学习语言的难度，单单学语
言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。)
11.
At times it is helpful to be a participant
observer by joining the
activities of the
people, to try to share in their responses,
whether this
be a carnival, a religious
ritual, or some economic activity.
(1)
Analyze the structure of the second sentence
“whether this be a
carnival, a religious
ritual, or some economic activity.”
(=This
sentence adopts the subjunctive mood. Here the
third
person singular pronoun “this” is
followed by “be” instead of
“is.” This is one
type of present subjective (现在虚拟) which is
often used in clauses of condition or
concession. The present
subjective can also
be found in certain exclamations to express
a
wish or hope, very often involving supernatural
powers.
More examples:
*God bless you!
*Long live the queen! )
(2) Translate this
sentence into Chinese.
(=有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年
华会、宗教仪式
还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有
好处。)
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II. Words
and Expressions
1. transplant:
(1) vt. to
move from one place and settle elsewhere
*We
start the flowers indoors and then transplant them
to the garden.
*His kidney was transplanted in
his daughter.
(2) n. the operation of
transplanting an organ, piece of skin etc
*Kelly's only hope of survival was a heart and
lung transplant.
Collocations:
heart
transplant surgery 心脏移植手术
a bone marrow
transplant 骨髓移植
2. ailment: n. an
illness that is not very serious
It was still
unclear what caused the victims' ailments.
*The medicine was supposed to cure all kinds of
ailments, ranging from
colds to back pains.
CF: ailment,
illness, disease &
complaint
这些名词均有“疾病”之意。
ailment指身体或精神不适，尤其指小毛病。例如：
*His ailment
was only a slight headache. 他身体不舒服，有点轻微的头痛。
illness 泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状态。例如：
*Her
mother was just recovering from an illness.
他妈妈生了一场病，刚刚
复。
disease指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。例如：
*She
suffers from a rare disease of the brain.
她得了罕见的脑病。
complaint指具体部位的疾病，尤其指不是很严重的那种。例如：
*He is having treatment for a chest
complaint. 他正在接受胸部疾病的治疗。
3. cure:
(1) n. treatment or substance that cures;
remedy
*There is still no cure for AIDS.
预防比任何一种治疗都要好得多。
(=Prevention is far better
than any cure.)
(2) vt. to make an illness or
medical condition go away
*Many types of
cancer can now be cured.
(＝Ninety percent of
patients can be cured of the disease.)
Pattern:
cure sb. of sth. 把某人的病治愈
*She had some acupuncture treatment which seems to
have cured her.
针灸几次后她的病似乎痊愈了。
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4. precipitate:
(1) vt.
to
make (an unwanted
event) happen sooner
*An attack on the
country could precipitate a world war.
(=The
1929 stock market crash precipitated the collapse
of the American
banking system.)
(2) vi.
to separate a solid substance from a liquid by
chemical action, or to
be separated in this
way
*This material causes most of the alumina
in the solution to precipitate
quickly.
(3) n. a solid substance that has been
chemically separated from a liquid
老师让他在沉淀物溶解后再加热混合物。
(=The teacher asked him
to warm the mixture after the precipitate
dissolved.)
(4) adj. happening or done
too quickly, and not thought about carefully
*A precipitate decision leads to his failure.
一阵冷风造成气温急剧下降。
(=A cool breeze caused a
precipitate drop in the temperature.)
NB :
该词作动词用时，近义词为hasten；作形容词用时，近义词为hasty。
v.
to arrange or direct with a
particular purpose
*She looked at the street
names, trying to orient herself.
登山者停下来以便辨别自己的方位。
(=The climber stopped to
orient himself.)
*The meeting decided that the
magazine had to orient to the business
community.
Collocation:
orient
oneself to sth. 使自己熟悉某事
*It takes new students
a while to orient themselves to college life.
新同学要花一定的时间来熟悉校园生活。
be oriented
totowardsaround sthsb 迎合某人的需要, 围绕某事
*The
course is oriented towards the needs of
businessmen. 这一课程是为迎
合商人的需要而设立的。
*A lot of
the training is oriented around communications
skills. 很多培训都是
围绕交际技能展开的。
NB:
该词还可以用作名词，意为“东方”，但通常以the
Orient的形式出现。例如：
The traveler made a fame for
himself by a book about the Orient.
这个旅行
家凭了一本描写东方的书一举成名。
6. purchase:
(1) n. sth. you buy, or the act of buying it
*Other customers arrived, made their purchases
and left.
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那顶帽子买得不错。
(=That hat was a good purchase.)
Collocations:
date of purchase
购买日期
proof of purchase 购买凭证
hire purchase 分期付款
make
purchases 购物
(2) vt. to buy
sth.
*You can purchase insurance online.
(=Foreign investors are not permitted to
purchase land.)
7. a fish out of water:
sb. who is uncomfortable; sb. who is at a
disadvantage
*I felt like a fish out of water
in my new school.
Pattern:
befeel like
a fish out of water 感觉格格不入
8.
tremendous: adj. very great in size, amount, or
degree
*She was making a tremendous effort
to appear calm.
这个计划能省我们一大笔钱。
(=This plan
could save us a tremendous amount of money.)
CF: tremendous, huge, vast & giant
这些形容词均有“巨大的，庞大的”之意。
tremendous指某物非常大，大得惊人。强调尺寸大小、数量以及程度方面的
大。
huge含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
vast多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
giant非常大，强调比同类中的其他事务大得多。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the
words above. Change the form where
necessary.
(1) Be careful. The forest is full of
________snakes and spiders. （= giant）
(2)
King's new novel will undoubtedly be a ________
success. （= huge）
(3) She praised her husband
for the ________support he had given her.
(=tremendous)
(4) ________ areas of the Amazon
rainforest have been destroyed.
(=Vast)
9. glorify: vt. to cause to appear more
important or better than they really are
*Movies that glorify violence may be
responsible for some of the rise in crime.
(=The emperor's achievements were glorified in
numerous poems.)
10. get over:
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(1) to find a
way to deal with
*Once we've got over the
first few months, we should be making a
reasonable profit.
我不知道我们应该怎样解决这个问题。
(=I don't know how we're going to get over
this problem.)
(2) to become well again
after an illness or a very upsetting experience
It's taken me ages to get over the flu.
她从没有从儿子去世的悲伤中恢复过来。
(=She never got over
the death of her son.)
11. dictate: v.
(1) to tell someone exactly what they must
do or how they must behave
*Islamic custom
dictates that women should be fully covered.
(=The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the
government.)
她拒绝听命于华盛顿一些愚蠢官员。
(=She
refused to be dictated to by some stupid officials
in Washington.)
*Can they dictate how the
money will be spent?
Patterns:
dictate
that
dictate to
dictate
whowhathow etc
(2) to say words for
someone else to write down
*He's
dictating a letter to his secretary right now.
12. transmit: v. to send or pass from
one person, place, or thing to another
会议将通过卫星进行现场转播。
(=The meeting will be
transmitted live via satellite.)
*Radars
that transmit at lower frequencies are more
effective than
high-frequency radars in
penetrating clouds, fog, and rain.
CF:
transmit, send & deliver
这些动词均含“送出”、“发送”、“传送”之意。
transmit
指通过无线电、电视或其他类似的设备将信号、消息等发送出去或指传
播知识、疾病等。例如：
*The system transmits information over digital
phone lines. 这个系统通过
数字电话线发送信息。
*Cultural
values are transmitted from parent to child.
文化价值观由父母传
递给孩子。
send
最常用，含义广，指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容传
送的方式。例如：
*We sent Mom flowers for Mother's Day.
母亲节我们送花给母亲。
deliver
指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送
这一行为。例如：
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*The morning
mail has just been delivered. 晨报刚刚送到。
13.
build up:
(1) to increase, develop, or become
gradually larger
*The firm has built up a wide
reputation for fair dealing.
(=
He's
built up the family firm into a multinational
company.)
(2) to make someone well and strong
again; strengthen
*Taking exercise will build
up your strength.
生病的时候必须休息以便恢复健康。
(=When
sick you must rest to build up your health.)
14. by means of: by using a particular method
or system
*
I found my lost dog by
means of a notice in the paper.
NB:
英文单词means比较活跃，有很多固定用法。常用的有：
by all means
尽一切办法, 一定
by any means 无论如何
by no means 决不
15. associate with
sb.: to spend time with sb.
*I don't like
those people you're associating with.
约翰好像一直和犯罪分子混在一起。
(=John may have been
associating with the criminals.)
16.
identify oneselfsb. with .: to support or feel
closely connected with
.
*She has always
been identified with the radical left.
(=I
tried to identify my mind with the old fellow's,
and take his view of the
world.)
CF:
identify, recognize & make out
这些动词均含“认出，识别”之意。
identify指辨别、确定人的身份或物品的归属等。
recognize 所辨认的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。
make
out通常指通过人的感觉器官来辨别事物。
(Directions:) Fill
in the blanks with the words above. Change the
form where
necessary.
(1) I didn't
________ you in your uniform. （= recognize）
(2) His accent ________ him as a Frenchman. （=
identified）
(3) He could just ________a dark
shape moving towards him. (=make out)
(4)
Scientists have ________ the gene that causes
abnormal growth.
(=identified)
17. to the extent that: so much that
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*Violence
increased to the extent that residents were afraid
to leave their
homes.
NB:
英语中还有一个词组与该词组意思相同：to such an extent
that，意为“到
这样的程度以致”。常用的关于extent的词组还有：
to a
certain extent 在一定程度上
to some extent
在某种程度上
to a greatlarge extent 在很大程度上
18. tendency: n. a characteristic
likelihood of doing sth.
*There is an
increasing tendency for women to have children
later in life.
男孩的好斗倾向比女孩强。
(＝Boys have a
stronger tendency to fight than girls.)
Collocations:
aggressive tendency
进攻倾向
suicidal tendency 自杀倾向
criminal tendency 犯罪倾向
artistic tendency 艺术倾向
have a tendency totowards sth. 有做某事的倾向
19. attribute:
(1) vt. to regard
sth. as belonging to, caused by or produced by .
*We attribute courage to the lion and
cunning to the fox.
艾丽思的成功归功于她的聪明和勤奋。
(=Alice's success should be attributed to her
intelligence and hard
work.)
(2) n. a
quality considered as belonging to a person or
thing;
characteristic.
*Patience is an
attribute of a good teacher.
一名好经理应该具备何种素质？
(=What attributes should a good manager
possess?)
20. peculiarity: n. sth. that
is a feature of only one particular place, person,
situation etc
*We noticed the peculiarity
of his manner at once.
*She was well aware of
the peculiarity of her own situation.
CF:
peculiarity, trait & attribute
这些名词均有“特性”、“特点”、“品质”之意。
peculiarity指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
trait多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特
征。
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attribute通常指好的或有用的特征、品质。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the
words above. Change the form where
necessary.
(1) Courage, love, patience and common sense
are desirable ________.
(=traits)
(2) One
of his ________ is that his two eyes are not the
same color.
(=peculiarities)
(3) He
possesses the essential ________ of a journalist.
(=attributes)
21. hostility: n.
unfriendliness; opposition.
*The guard dog
showed signs of hostility toward the newcomers.
(=Recently there has been hostility towards
the Prime Minister from
members of his own
party.)
Collocations:
open hostility
公开的敌意
*They eyed each other with open
hostility. 他们带着明显的敌意注视对方。
popular hostility
公众的敌意
*Pictures of refugees aroused popular
hostility towards the war. 难民照片
引起了公众对于战争的愤怒。
hostility totowards . 对某人或某事的敌意
*There
was fierce hostility to the new policy.
新政引起了强烈的敌意。
22. open up:
(1) to
(cause to) spread or unfold
*With a
microscope, a whole new world of investigation
opens up.
*新国际公约带来了更多反恐合作的可能性。
(=The new
international agreement opens up the possibility
of much
greater co-operation against
terrorism.)
(2) to open sth. that is closed,
locked, or covered
*Open up, this is the
police!
(3) to stop being shy and say what you
really think
(=Last night was the first time
that Ken had opened up about his
feelings.)
23. allocate: vt. to divide and give as
a share
*You should allocate the same
amount of time to each question.
*One million
dollars was allocated for disaster relief.
CF:
assign, distribute, divide & allocate
这些动词均含“分配”、“分发”之意。
assign指分配某项任务给某人或让某人负责某事；也可指为某事指定时间、
地点。
distribute通常指将整体或定量分为若干份来分配。
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divide普通用词，强调将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分
为二时，
含平均分配之意。
allocate将某物划归特殊用途使用或将某物划拨给特定的人。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the
words above. Change the form where
necessary.
(1) The Wall used to ________ East and West
Berlin. （= divide）
(2)
The Ford
Foundation ________ millions of dollars for cancer
research.
(=allocated）
(3) Clothes and
blankets have been ________ among the refugees.
(=distributed)
(4) I've been
________ the task of looking after the new
students.
(=assigned)
24.
participant:
(1) adj. participating;
sharing.
*Participant reporters are welcome
at the council meeting.
(2) n. someone who is
taking part in an activity or event
*Last
summer, children's art program had fourteen
participants.
(=At the end of the conference,
all the participants were asked to fill out
a
questionnire
25. as such: properly so
named; in the exact meaning of the stated thing
*If Mr. Green chooses to act like a child, he
may have to be treated as
such.
分娩是一个自然过程，也应该这样被对待。
(=Birth is a natural
process and should be treated as such.)
Collocation:
be treated as such
被这样对待
be recognized as such 被这样认可
be accepted as such
被这样接受
III. Useful Expressions
1.
职业病 an occupational disease
2. 因„„而产生
result from
3. 社会交往 social intercourse
4. 使自己熟悉（新情况） orient oneself to
5. 握手
shake hands
6. 购物 make purchases
7.
对„„当真 take sth. seriously
8. 面部表情 facial
expressions
9. 在„„过程中 in the course of
10. 离水之鱼；不得其所的人 a fish out of water
11.
心胸开阔 be broad-minded
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12. 一系列 a series of
13. 对„„做出反应
react to
14. 抱怨 complain about
15.
克服，战胜 get over
16. 除了
in addition to
17. 社会风俗 social institutions
18. 增加，积累 build up
19. 用，依靠
by means of
20. 使自己适应 adapt oneself to
21. 和„„打交道 associate with
22. 和„„打成一片，认同
identify with
23. 到这样的程度以至于 to the
extent that
24. 例如 for instance
25. 个人行为 an individual act
26. 因为 due to
27. 而不是 rather than
28. 尽快 as quickly as
possible
29. 进行交谈 carry on a
conversation
30. 打开，展开 open up
31. 宗教仪式
a religious ritual
32.被这样对待 be
treated as such
V. Proverbs and
Quotations
1. Every country has its customs.
乡有乡俗。
2. Do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
3. Let our object be our country, our whole
country, and nothing but our
country.
我们的心目中要有国家，要有整个国家，而且只有我们的国家别无其他。
4.
Culture itself is neither education nor law
making, it is an atmosphere and a
heritage.
—Henry Louis Mencken, American writer and
editor
文化本身既不是教育，也不是立法，它是一种氛围，一种遗产。
——美国作家、编辑 亨利·路易斯·门肯
5. Be it ever so
humble, there is no place like home.
—J. H.
Payne, American dramatist and act
金窝，银窝，不如自家的草窝。
——美国剧作家、演员J. H.佩恩
6. Home is the place where, when you have to
go there, it has to take you in.
—Robert
Frost, American poet
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无论何时何地家永远是向游子敞开大门的地方。
——美国诗人
罗伯特•弗罗斯特
7. Go where he will, the wise
man is at home. His hearth the earth, his hall the
azure dome.
—Ralf Waldo Emerson, American
thinker
明智者四海为家——地球是他的壁炉，蓝天是他的客厅。
Translation
——美国思想家 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生
1. As
a proof of our
hospitality, we Chinese will
repeatedly ask the guests to
help
themselves to the
dishes on the table.
2.
It is by means of listening
to what people say
and
observing how they behave
that we have
strengthened
our capacity to understand
our society.
3. One’s sense of security
comes from familiarity with
the
environment, so people
have the tendency to
resist
or avoid new situations.
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4. We tend to
have the
prejudice against or even
hostility towards people from
a certain
area, which can be
attributed to the fact that
we
are unfamiliar with them.
5. I believe
that it is polite to
decline directly, while
my
parents seldom say“no” so
as not to
embarrass others.
6. There are two ways to
build up knowledge: to get it
personally
or by second
hand experience. Reading,
which opens up a new world
of different
cultures, belongs
to second hand experience.