人教版高中英语 必修5 各单元课文原文
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Unit 1 Great scientists
JOHH SHOW
DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
John Snow
was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed,
that he
attended Queen Victoria as her
personal physician. But he became inspired when he
thought about helping ordinary people exposed
to cholera. This was the deadly disease
of its
day. Neither its cause nor its cure was
understood. So many thousands of terrified
people died every time there was an outbreak.
John Snow wanted to face the challenge
and
solve this problem. He knew that cholera would
never be controlled until its cause
was
found.
He became interested in two
theories that possibly explained how cholera
killed people. The first suggested that
cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of
dangerous gas floated around until it found
its victims. The second suggested that
people
absorbed this disease into their bodies with their
meals. From the stomach
the disease quickly
attacked the body and soon the affected person
died.
John Snow suspected that the
second theory was correct but he needed
evidence. So when another outbreak hit London
in 1854, he was ready to begin his
enquiry. As
the disease spread quickly through poor
neighbourhoods, he began to gather
information. In two particular streets, the
cholera outbreak was so severe that more than
500 people died in ten days. He was determined
to find out why.
First he marked on
a map the exact places where all the dead people
had
lived. This gave him a valuable clue about
the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths
were near the water pump in Broad Street
(especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He
also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and
21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge
Street)
had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he
made further investigations.
He discovered
that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge
Street. They had
been given free beer and so
had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed
that the
water was to blame.
Next, John Snow looked into the source of the
water for these two streets.
He found that it
came from the river polluted by the dirty water
from London. He
immediately told the
astonished people in Broad Street to remove the
handle from the
pump so that it could not be
used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He
had
shown that cholera was spread by germs
and not in a cloud of gas.
In
another part of London, he found supporting
evidence from two other
deaths that were
linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who
had moved away
from Broad Street, liked the
water from the pump so much that she had it
delivered to
her house every day. Both she and
her daughter died of cholera after drinking the
water.
With this extra evidence John Snow was
able to announce with certainty that polluted
water carried the virus.
To
prevent this from happening again, John Snow
suggested that the source
of all the water
supplies be examined. The water companies were
instructed not to
expose people to polluted
water any more. Finally
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his
mind was confused. Although he had tried
to
ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led
to the same conclusion:
that the earth was
not the centre of the solar system. Only if you
put the sun there
did the movements of the
other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could
not tell
anyone about his theory as the
powerful Christian Church would have punished him
for
even suggesting such an idea. They
believed God had made the world and for that
reason the earth was special and must be the
centre of the solar system.
The
problem arose because astronomers had noticed that
some planets in the
sky seemed to stop, move
backward and then go forward in a loop. Others
appeared
brighter at times and less bright at
others. This was very strange if the earth was
thecentre of the solar system and all planets
went round it.
Copernicus had thought
long and hard about these problems and tried to
find
an answer. He had collected observations
of the stars and used all his mathematical
knowledge to explain them. But only his new
theory could do that. So between 1510
and
1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his
theory until he felt it was complete.
In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The
changes he made to the
old theory were
revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre
of the solar system
with the planets going
round it and only the moon still going round the
earth. He
also suggested that the earth was
spinning as it went round the sun and this
explained
changes in the movement of the
planets and in the brightness of the stars. His
friends
were enthusiastic and encouraged him
to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.
He did not want to be attacked by the
Christian Church, so he only published it as
he lay dying in 1543.
Certainly he was
right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected
his theory,
saying it was against God's idea
and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet
Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which
all our ideas of the universe are built.
His
theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity,
which said things fell to earth
because God
created the earth as the centre of the universe.
Copernicus showed this
was obviously wrong.
Now people can see that there is a direct link
between his theory
and the work of Isaac
Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
Unit 2 The United Kingdom
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY
People
may wonder why different words are used to
describe these four
countries: England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify
this question
if you study British history.
First there was England. Wales was
linked to it in the thirteenth century.
Now
when people refer to England you find Wales
included as well. Next England and
Wales were
joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and
the name was changed
to
Scotland became
King of England and Wales as well. Finally the
English government
tried in the early
twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by
getting Ireland
connected in the same
peaceful way. However, the southern part of
Ireland was
unwilling and broke away to form
its own government. So only Northern Ireland
joined
with England, Wales and Scotland to
become the United Kingdom and this was shown
to the world in a new flag called the Union
Jack.
To their credit the four
countries do work together in some areas (eg, the
currency and international relations), but
they still have very different
institutions.
For example, Northern Ireland, England and
Scotland have different
educational and legal
systems as well as different football teams for
competitions
like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four countries, and
for convenience it is
divided roughly into
three zones. The zone nearest France is called the
South of
England, the middle zone is called
the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is
known asthe North. You find most of the
population settled in the south, but most of the
industrial cities in the Midlands and the
North of England. Although, nationwide,
these
cities are not as large as those in China, they
have world-famous football teams
and some of
them even have two! It is a pity that the
industrial cities built in the
nineteenth
century do not attract visitors. For historical
architecture you have to
go to older but
smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will
find out more about
British history and
culture.
The greatest historical treasure of
all is London with its museums, art
collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It
is the centre of national government
and its
administration. It has the oldest port built by
the Romans in the first century
AD, the
oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the
1060s and the oldest castle
constructed by
later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four
sets of invaders of
England. The first
invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads.
The second, the
Anglo-Saxons, left their
language and their government. The third, the
Vikings,
influenced the vocabulary and place-
names of the North of England, and the fourth,
the Normans, left castles and introduced new
words for food.
If you look around
the British countryside you will find evidence of
all these
invaders. You must keep your eyes
open if you are going to make your trip to the
United
Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.
SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON
Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had
made a list of the sites
she wanted to see in
London. Her first delight was going to the Tower.
It was built
long ago by the Norman invaders
of AD 1066. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower
had remained standing for one thousand gh the
buildings had expanded
around it, it remained
part of a royal palace and prison combined. To her
great surprise,
Zhang Pingyu found the
Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers
who, on
special occasions, still wore the
four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen
ElizabethI.
There followed St
Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire of
London
in 1666. It looked splendid when first
built! Westminster Abbey, too, was very
interesting. It contained statues in memory of
dead poets and writers, such as
Shakespeare.
Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu
heard the famous sound
of the clock, Big Ben,
ringing out the hour. She finished the day by
looking at the
outside of Buckingham Palace,
the Queen's house in London. Oh, she had so much
to
tell her friends!
The second day
the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships
and famous clock
that sets the world time.
What interested her most was the longitude line.
It is an
imaginary line dividing the eastern
and western halves of the world and is very useful
for navigation. It passes through Greenwich,
so Pingyu had a photo taken standing
on
either side of the line.
The last
day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate
Cemetery. It seemed
strange that the man who
had developed communism should have lived and died
in
London. Not only that, but he had worked in
the famous reading room of the Library of
the
British Museum. Sadly the library had moved from
its original place into another
building and
the old reading room was gone. But she was
thrilled by so many wonderful
treasures from
different cultures displayed in the museum. When
she saw many visitors
enjoying looking at the
beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on
show, she
felt very proud of her country.
The next day Pingyu was leaving
London for Windsor Castle.
see the Queen?
Unit 3 Life in the future
FIRST
IMPRESSIONS
Spacemall: liqiang299A@ 15113008
(Earthtime)
Dear Mum and Dad,
I still
cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that
I won last year. I have
to remind myself
constantly that I am really in AD 3008. Worried
about the journey, I
was unsettled for the
first few days. As a result, I suffered from “Time
lag”. This is
similar to the “jet lag” you get
from flying, but it seems you keep getting
flashbacks
from your previous time period. So
I was very nervous and uncertain at first.
However,
my friend and guide, Wang Ping, was
very understanding and gave me some green
tablets which helped a lot. Well-known for
their expertise, his parents' company, called
I can still remember the moment when
the space stewardess called us all to
the
capsule and we climbed in through a small opening.
The seats were comfortable
and after a
calming drink, we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.
The capsule began
swinging gently sideways as
we lay relaxed and dreaming. A few minutes later,
the
journey was completed and we had arrived.
I was still on the earth but one thousand
years in the future. What would I find?
At first my new surroundings were difficult to
tolerate. The air seemed thin,
as though its
combination of gases had little oxygen left. Hit
by a lack of fresh
air, my head ached. Just
as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to
this new
situation, Wang Ping appeared.
much better.
nearby for a rest. I felt
better in no time. Soon I was back on my feet
again and
following him to collect a hovering
carriage driven by computer. These carriages float
above the ground and by bending or pressing
down in your seat, you can move swiftly.
Wang
Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to
use it. Soon I could fly as
fast as him.
However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached
what looked like a
large market because of
too many carriages flying by in all directions. He
was swept
up into the centre of them. Just at
that moment I had a
the area again as it had
been in the year AD 2008. I realized that I had
been transported
into the future of what was
still my hometown! Then I caught sight of Wang
Ping again
and flew after him.
Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me
into a large, bright clean
room. It had a
green wall, a brown floor and soft lighting.
Suddenly the wall moved
- it was made of
trees! I found later that their leaves provided
the room with
much-needed oxygen. Then Wang
Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen, and a
table and some chairs rose from under the
floor as if by magic.
eat a little?
Just
relax, since there is nothing planned on the
timetable today. Tomorrow you'll
be ready for
some visits.
produced a bed from the floor.
After he left, I had a brief meal and a hot bath.
Exhausted,
I slid into bed and fell fast
asleep.
More news later from your
loving son,
Li Qiang
I
HAVE SEEN AMAZING THINGS
My first
visit was to a space station considered the most
modem in space.
Described as an enormous
round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate
the pull
of the earth's gravity. Inside was
an exhibition of the most up-to-date inventions
of the 31 st century. A guide (G) showed us
around along a moveable path.
G: Good
morning to all our visitors from 2008. First we're
going to examine
one of the latest forms of
communication among our space citizens. No more
typists
working on a typewriter or computer!
No more postage or postcodes! Messages can
now
be sent using a
mind, press the sending
button, think your message and the next instant
it's sent. It's
stored on the
friendly.
The only limitation is if the user does not think
his or her message clearly,an
unclear message
may be sent. But we cannot blame the tools for the
faults of the
user, can we?
During the
explanation I looked at the pair of small objects
called
table. They just looked like metal
ribbons. So ordinary but so powerful! While I was
observing them, the path moved us on.
G:
And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the
used to collect waste in dustbins. Then the
rubbish was sent to be buried or burned, am I
fight? (We nodded.) Well, now there's a system
where the waste is disposed of using
the
principles of ecology. A giant machine, always
greedy for more, swallows all the
waste
available. The rubbish is turned into several
grades of useful material, such
as
everything, even plastic bags, is recycled. A
great idea, isn't' it?
I stared at the
moving model of the waste machine, absorbed by its
efficiency.
But again we moved on.
G:
Our third stop shows the changes that have
happened to work practices.
Manufacturing no
longer takes place on the earth but on space
stations like this one.
A group of engineers
programme robots to perform tasks in space. The
robots produce
goods such as drugs, clothes,
furniture, hovering carriages, etc. There is no
waste,
no pollution and no environmental
damage! However, the companies have to train their
representatives to live and work in space
settlements. They have to monitor the robots
and the production. When the goods are ready
they're transported by industrial
spaceship
back to earth.
My mind began to wander. What
job would I do? My motivation increased as I
thought of the wonderful world of the future.
Unit 4 Making the news
MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT
Never
will Zhou Yang (ZY) forget his first assignment at
the office of a
popular English newspaper. His
discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX), was to
strongly influence his life as a journalist.
HX: Welcome. We're delighted you're coming to
work with us. Your first job here
will be an
assistant journalist. Do you have any questions?
ZY: Can I go out on a story immediately?
HX: (laughing) That' s admirable, but I' m
afraid it would be unusual ! Wait till
you'
re more experienced. First we'll put you as an
assistant to an experienced
journalist.
Later you can cover a story and submit the article
yourself.
ZY: Wonderful. What do I need to
take with me? I already have a notebook and
camera.
HX: No need for a camera. You'll
have a professional photographer with you to
take photographs. You'll find your colleagues
very eager to assist you, so you may be
able
to concentrate on photography later if you' re
interested.
ZY: Thank you. Not only am I
interested in photography, but I took an amateur
course at university to update my skills.
HX: Good.
ZY: What do I need to
remember when I go out to cover a story?
HX:
You need to be curious. Only if you ask many
different questions will you
acquire all the
information you need to know. We say a good
journalist must have a
good
telling the
whole troth and then try to discover it. They must
use research to inform
themselvesof the
missing parts of the story.
ZY: What
should I keep in mind?
HX: Here comes my
list of dos and don'ts: don't miss your deadline,
don't be
rode, don't talk too much, but make
sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.
ZY: Why is listening so important?
HX:
Well, you have to listen for detailed facts.
Meanwhile you have to prepare the
next
question depending on what the person says.
ZY: But how can I listen carefully while
taking notes?
HX: This is a trick of the
trade, If the interviewee agrees, you can use a
recorder
to get the facts straight. It's also
useful if a person wants to challenge you. You
have the evidence to support your story.
ZY: I see! Have you ever had a case where
someone accused your journalists of
getting
the wrong end of the stick?
HX: Yes, but it
was a long time ago. This is how the story goes. A
footballer was
accused of taking money for
deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the
other
team win. We went to interview him. He
denied taking money but we were sceptical.
So
we arranged an interview between the footballer
and the man supposed to bribe him.
When we
saw them together we guessed from the footballer's
body language that he
was not telling the
truth. So we wrote an article suggesting he was
guilty. It was a
dilemma
because
the footballer could have demanded damages if we
were wrong. He tried to
stop us publishing it
but later we were proved right.
ZY: Wow!
That was a real
now. Perhaps I'll get a scoop
too!
HX: Perhaps you will. You never know.
GETTING THE
to be
ahead of the other newspapers. This is a
scoop.
into the office after an interview with
a famous film star.
asked someone from the
International News Department.
Yang answered.
He set to work.
His first task was to write
his story, but he had to do it carefully. Although
he realized the man had been lying, Zhou Yang
knew he must not accuse him directly.
He
would have to be accurate. Concise too! He knew
how to do that. Months of training
had taught
him to write with no wasted words or phrases. He
sat down at his computer
and began to work.
The first person who saw his article was a
senior editor from his department.
He checked
the evidence, read the article and passed it on to
the copy-editor. She began
to edit the piece
and design the main headline and smaller heading.
¡°This will look
very good on the page,¡± she
said.
article was going to be written in
English Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native
speaker employed by the newspaper to polish
the style. She was also very happy with
Zhou
Yang's story.
Zhou Yang smiled with happiness.
Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved
it.
we've got our facts straight.¡±
¡°I¡¯ll bring it to you immediately,
excitedly.
The news desk editor took the story and began
to work on all the stories and photos
until
all the pages were set. All the information was
then ready to be processed into film
negatives. This was the first stage of the
printing process. They needed four negatives,
as several colours were going to be used on
the story. Each of the main colours had one
negative sheet and when they were combined
they made a coloured page for the
newspaper.
After one last check the page was ready to be
printed. Zhou Yang waited
excitedly for the
first copies to be ready.
expect there will be
something about this on the television news. A
real scoop!
Unit 5 First aid
FIRST
AID FOR BURNS
The skin is an
essential part of your body and its largest organ.
You have
three layers of skin which act as a
barrier against disease, poisons and the sun's
harmful rays. The functions of your skin are
also very complex: it keeps you warm
or cool;
it prevents your body from losing too much water;
it is where you feel cold,
heat or pain and
it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can
imagine, if your
skin gets burned it can be
very serious. First aid is a very important first
step
in the treatment of bums.
Causes of
burns
You can get burned by a variety of
things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by
being close to high heat or fire, etc), the
sun, electricity or chemicals.
Types of burns
There are three types of burns. Burns are
called first, second or third degree
burns,
depending on which layers of the skin are burned.
First degree burns These affect only the
top layer of the skin. These burns
are not
serious and should feel better within a day or
two. Examples include
mild sunburn and burns
caused by touching a hot pan, stove or iron for a
mordent.
Second degree burns These
affect both the top and the second layer of the
skin.
These bums are serious and take a
few weeks to heal. Examples include severe
sunburn and bums caused by hot liquids.
Third degree burns These affect all three layers
of the skin and any tissue
and organs under
the skin. Examples include burns caused by
electric shocks,
burning clothes, or severe
petrol fires. These burns cause very severe
injuries
and the victim must go to hospital at
once.
Characteristics of burns
First
degree burns
dry, red and mildly swollen
mildly painful
turn white when
pressed
Second degree burns
rough, red
and swollen
blisters
watery surface
extremely painful
Third degree burns
black and white and charred
swollen;
often tissue under them can be
seen
little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may
be pain around edge of injured area.
First aid treatment
1 Remove
clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is
stuck to the burn.
Take off other clothing and
jewellery near the burn.
2 Cool burns
immediately with cool but not icy water. It is
best to place burns
under gently running
water for about 10 minutes. (The cool water stops
the burning
process, prevents the pain
becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do not
put
cold water on third degree burns.
3
For first degree burns, place cool, clean, wet
cloths on them until the pain
is not so bad.
For second degree burns, keep cloths cool by
putting them back in
a basin of cold water,
squeezing them out and placing them on the burned
area over
and over again for about an hour
until the pain is not so bad.
4 Dry the
burned area gently. Do not rob, as this may break
any blisters and the
wound may get infected.
5 Cover the burned area with a dry, clean
bandage that will not stick to the skin.
Hold
the bandage in place with tape. Never put butter,
oil or ointment on bums as
they keep the heat
in the wounds and may cause infection.
6 If
bums are on arms or legs, keep them higher than
the heart, if possible. If
bums are on the
face, the victim should sit up.
7 If the
injuries are second or third degree bums, it is
vital to get the victim
to the doctor or
hospital at once.
HEROIC
TEENAGER RECEIVES AWARD
Seventeen-year-old teenager, John Janson, was
honoured at the Lifesaver
Awards last night in
Rivertown for giving lifesaving first aid on his
neighbour after a
shocking knife attack.
John was presented with his award at a ceremony
which recognized the
bravery of ten people who
had saved the life of another.
John
was studying in his room when he heard screaming.
When he and his
father rushed outside, a man
ran from the scene. They discovered that Anne
Slade,
mother of three, had been stabbed
repeatedly with a knife. She was lying in her
front
garden bleeding very heavily. Her hands
had almost been cut off.
It was
John's quick action and knowledge of first aid
that saved Ms Slade's
life. He immediately
asked a number of nearby people for bandages, but
when nobody
could put their hands on any, his
father got some tea towels and tape from their
house.
John used these to treat the most
severe injuries to Ms Slade's hands. He slowed the
bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds
until the police and ambulance arrived.
said.
John had taken part in the
Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school.
When congratulating John, Mr Alan Southerton,
Director of the Young Lifesaver
Scheme said,
learned at school saved Ms Slade's life. It
shows that a knowledge of first aid can make
a
real difference.
Before receiving their
awards last night, John and the nine other Life
Savers attended a special reception yesterday
hosted by the Prime Minister.