高中英语语法讲义——形容词与副词
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2021年01月17日 04:46
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高中英语语法讲义
形容词与副词
形容词比较级和最高级的构成规则
(
1
)规则变化
构成
一般加
-er
和
-est
以字母
e
结尾只加
-r, -st
以一个辅音字母结尾的
重读闭音节,双写这一
辅音字母后再加
-er, -est
以“辅音字母
+y
”结尾
的词,变
y
为
i
再加
-er,
-est
其
他
双
音
节
和
多
音
节
词,在形容词前加
more
或
m ost
原级
strong
late
hot
thin
angry
ugly
early
enthusiastic
比较级
stronger
later
hotter
thinner
angrier
uglier
earlier
more enthusiastic
最高级
strongest
latest
hottest
thinnest
angriest
ugliest
earliest
most enthusiastic
注意:
①词尾为“元音字母
+y
”时,
y
不变,直接加
-er
或
-est
。
grey
→
greyer
→
greyest
②有少数几个双音节词以及以
-er
及
-le
结尾的词,可以有两种比较级和 最高级形式。
common-commoner/ more common
→
commonest/ most common
clever
→
cleverer/ more clever
→
cleverest/ most clever
simple
→
simpler/ more simple
→
simplest/ most simple
③在原级形容词前加
less, least
而构成的比较级与最高级称为“较低级”与“最低级”形式。
kind
→
less kind
→
least kind
useful
→
less useful
→
least useful
④一些复合形容词的比较等级。
well- known
→
better-known
→
best known
⑤有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,故没有比较级和最高级。如:
right正确的,
wrong
错误
的,
excellent
最好的,final
最后的,
last
最后的,
possible
可能的 ,
first
第一,
east
东方的,
empty
空的,< br>wooden
木
制的,
impossible
不可能的,
fa vorite
最喜欢的。
(
2
)不规则变化
原级
good/well
(身体好)
bad
far
比较级
better
worse
farth er
(指距离:更远的)
;
further
(
等同于
far ther
或指程
度:更深入的)
older
(指年龄、新旧:较老
的、
较旧的;
指血缘:
年纪较
长的,
此时等同于
e lder
)
;elder
(指血缘:年纪较长的)
1
最高级
best
worst
farthest
(指距 离:最远的)
;
furthest
(等同于
farthest
或指< br>程度:最深入的)
oldest
(指年龄、新旧:最老
的、
最旧的;
指血缘:
最年长
的,
此时等同于
eldest
)< br>;eldest
(指血缘:最年长的)
old
形容词的比较等级
(一)平级比较的句型
1. as+
原级
+as+
被比较 对象,意为“和
…
一样
…
”
。
He is as diligent as the monitor.
2. not so/ as+
原级
+as+
被比较对象,意为:不如
…
Tom is not so busy as Dick.
(二)比较级的句型
1. < br>主语
+
谓语
+
形容词比较级
+than+
被比较的对 象,意为:比
…
更
…
Do you know why winter is colder than summer?
2.
主语
+谓语
+the+
形容词比较级
+of+
…
(两者比较)
He is the taller of the two brothers.
3. < br>主语
+
谓语
+no+
形容词比较级
+than+
被比 较对象,意为:
…
和
…
一样不
…
He is no more careful than you( are).
4. the+
形容词 比较级
…
the+
形容词比较级
…
,意为:越
…
越
…
The harder you study, the greater progress you
’
ll make.
5.
形容词比较级
+and+
形容词比较级
/more and more+
原级,意为:越来越
…
It
’
s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
6.
其他形式的比较级句式:
①
be senior to
比
…
年龄大
I am five years senior to Jane.
=I am five years older than Jane.
=I am older than Jane by five years.
②
be junior to
比
…
年轻
Jane is five years junior to me.
=Jane is five years younger than me.
=Jane is younger than me by five years.
③
be superior to
比
…
好
This computer is superior to the one you bought.
=This computer is better than the one you bought.
④
be inferior to
比
…
差
This photo is inferior to that one.
=This photo is worse than that one.
(三)最高级的句型
1. the+
形容词最高级(
+
名词)
+
表示范围的状语
She is the most active student in our class.
2. one of+the+
形容词最高级
+
名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
=Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
3. the+
序数词
+
形容词最高级
+
名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
4.
“否定词
+
形容词比较级”表示最高级的意思
No one can be more careful than he is.
5.
形容词比较级
+than any other+
名词单数
2
He is busier than any other worker in his workshop.
(四)注意表示倍数的几种句式
1.
…
倍数
+as+
形容词原级
+as
…
2.
…
倍数
+
形容词比较级
+than
…
3.
…
倍数
+the size, length, etc.+ of
…
4. The+
名词
+be+
倍数
+what
从句
5. The+
名词
+be+
倍数
+that/ those of
…
Asia is four times as large as Europe. = Asia is four times larger than Europe. =Asia is four times the size of Europe.
用所给词的适当形式填空:
①
One way to develop self-confidence is to do the thing that you fear and to get a record of______ (success) experience
behind you.
②
-What is the ______ (difficult) part of your job?
-Handling the angry customers is the toughest.
③
With
online
shopping
increasingly
popular,
the
Internet
is
seen
as
an______
(efficiency)
way
of
reaching
target
customers.
答案
①
successful
②
most difficult
③
efficient
副词
(一)形容词
+ -ly
构成副词的规则
情况
一般情况
辅音字母
+y
结尾
le
结尾
元音字母
+e
结尾
ll
结尾
ic
结尾
构成
加
-ly
将
y
改为
i
再加
-ly
去
e
加
-y
去
e
加
-ly
只加
-y
加
-ally
例词
quick- quickly
brave-bravely immediate- immediately
easy-easily, happy-happily
heavy-heavily, busy-busily
simple-simply, gentle-gently
true-truly
full-fully, dull- dully
basic-basically, scientific- scientifically
(二)副词的比较等级
1.
副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则
(
1
)规则变化:与形容词的比较级和最高级的构成规则相同。
(
2
)不规则变化
原级
well
badly
much
little
far
比较级
better
worse
more
less
最高级
best
worst
most
least
farther
(
指距离)
further
(
指距离和抽象 概念)
farthest
(指距离)
furthest
(指距离和 抽象概念)
3