英语论文的写作方法与技巧
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2021年01月17日 09:40
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英语论文的写作方法与技巧
英语议论文的写作,大 多有具体要点(即论点或论据)的限定,所以并不需要
如何地纵横捭阖,如何地旁征博引。但是,麻雀虽 小,五脏俱全,一篇
100
来
字的议论文,同样必须逻辑严密,结构清晰,语言洗练, 必须论有中心,言而
有据。以下笔者试从篇章结构、句子修辞和词汇运用等三个方面来谈一谈写好
一篇小议论文的基本方法和技巧。
一、篇章结构
(一)先有规矩,然后才能从心所欲,不逾矩
议论文的写作,住往从正反两方面来论 述,且都有其约定俗成的议论模式,即
从“主题句一正面论述,反面论述一结论”四大块去营造文章的基 本结构(四
块论)。例如,某题目要求论述“学校规定‘课间学生只能呆在自己的教室
里’对吗 ?”这一话题。如果作者认为学校的规定不对,他就应该在文章第一
块(段)亮出自己的观点:
There is currently much discussion about
whether students should stay in their own classrooms or not during
break ally I believe that
—。而第二块应该从正面论述“课间
不能只呆在自己的教室里”的理由。比如可以说:
I would argue that break
times are our only opportunity to choose what we want to do.
第三块则
从反面观点,即“课间只能呆在自己的教室里”出发,批驳对方观点或进一步
阐述己 方观点。例如可以说:
Another reason why people say that students
have to stay in their own classes at break times is that it would be
difficult to organize dinners.
最后一块(段)则用不同的语言再次强调已
方观点。乍一 看去,议论文“四块论”仿佛有“八股文”的嫌疑,但“四块
论”符合人的认知规律,所以值得多多模仿 和操练。
(二)围绕中心论述,确保论述的内容直接为主题服务
在上例中 ,“学生课间时不能只呆在自己的教室里”是主题句,论述时应该紧
紧围绕它。有的同学在写的时候先说 “学生若课间被允许到其他班级活动,就
可以交到更多的朋友”,然后又说“交到更多朋友就可以学到更 多知识”,
“学到更多知识就可以为社会做出更大的贡献”??这种论述方式貌似环环相
扣,承 前启后,实则是中心涣散的流水账,说到最后,不仅读者会一头雾水,
连作者自己都会忘了自己在说什么 。
(三)确立并写好论点,并将其置于每一段的段首
整篇文章有整篇文章 的中心论点,每一段落有每一段落的分论点。选取论点时
要问一问自己:这一论点是否会让自己信服?如 果—个论点连自己都说服不
了,就要放弃它。段落论点的呈现不能羞羞答答,犹报琵琶半遮面,也不能深
藏不露,让读者去总结和归纳,而必须在文章开篇或段落开头就亮出来。论点
置于篇首或段首, 才能纲举目张,也是确保不跑题的前提。以下两个例子中,
1
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第一个结构松散,群龙无首,令读者不知所云;而第二个例子则中心突出,章
法严谨。请看:
y
,
it is very convenient in daily are many shops
and supermarkets in a city.I can buy everything I need easily in
these I am sick
,
I can easily see a doctor in any clinic
or ort services are good in a I want to go
somewhere
,
I can take a bus
,
a train or something are also
many kinds of entertainment in a buildings
(
such as
libraries
)
and parks can easity be found in a city
,
too.
is convenient and comfortable to live in a begin with
,
there
is good housing in a city
,
as all the houses and flats are well-
equipped with good facilities and surrounded by modern amenities such
as places of entertainment
,
public libraries and parks.
而中心句的写法也有讲究。中心句必须能高度概括所在段落的论据,它的关键
词 应该在每—个论据中都有重复或适当体现。那种无关痛痒的叙述或说明性的
句子,是不适宜用作中心句的 。例如:
ts always feel relaxed and happy during breaks.
(叙述性句子)
times are scheduled for about 10 minutes.
(说明性句子)
以下即是论述“学校规定‘课间学生只能呆在自己的班级里’对吗?”的一篇
学生习作:
Al though some people believe that students should stay in
their own classrooms during break times
,
I would like to argue that
we should be allowed to spend break times in another class.
The most important reason for believing that is that many students
have friends in other spend all day in our own classroom
,
and break times are the only time we have to spend with other
can become very tedious
(令人厌倦的)
to have to spend even
more time with the same people.
A further reason for allowing student to choose where they spend
their break times is that it would stop students are
forced to spend time with classmates who are not good friends
,
they
can annoy each leads to problems that have to be sorted
out by rs argue that we all should stay in our own
classes
,
because it is then easier to know what is going say
that it is difficult to keep track of students when they are walking
round the r
,
students could be given the chance to
choose a different classroom to spend the whole break time
would mean that there would not be any students in the corridors.
2
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As I have explained
,
although it might be a little easier to manage
when everyone stays in their own classroom
,
it would make break times
happier for all students if they were allowed to choose where they
spent their time.
这篇范文符合“四块论”的基本模式,正反论述兼顾,结构严谨,中心突出。
二、句子修辞
(一)应用修辞,增强说服力
适当采用比喻、头韵 (即连续数个单词的头音或头字母相同)、夸张等修辞手
法,采用幽默、平行结构等写作手法,可以把道 理说得更加透彻,把观点表达
得更加鲜明,把平淡的内容表现得更加生动,从而更好地传递信息,增添文
采,激发读者的共鸣。例如:
people have tried a thousand times before they achieve their
goals.
(夸张)
a madman would choose to live in a modern city.
(夸张)
life would be like soup without salt or flowers without
sunlight.
(比喻)
best way is to reduce
,
reuse and recycle.
(头韵)
Internet is another way to waste more hours.
(幽
默)
you want to earn a satisfactory grade in the training program
,
you must arrive punctually
,
you must behave courteously
,
and you must
study conscie ntiously.
(平行结构)值得注意的是,比喻等修辞格的使用及
谚语等的引用关乎作者 对英语文化的理解,因为它们在英语中的意义往往与我
们的理解大相径庭,很容易误用。只有多多学习, 认真分析它们的应用环境,
使用起来才能锦上添花。如果没有十分的把握,切不可生搬硬套,否则会适得
其反。
(二)表达到位,才能言之成理通常。
作者对自己论述的 观点是清楚的,但在将观点传达给读者时,往往因为用词不
准确,逻辑欠严密,或因受中国式思维的干扰 而令表达不到位,结果使读者如
堕五里雾中。作者应站在读者的立场上考虑问题,始终牢记“读者明不明 白”
才是判断写作是否成功的最重要标准。
请看以下几个表达不到位的例句及其改正方法。
3