初中语法--方位介词、名词、连词、副词用法
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2021年01月17日 17:58
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墨守成规的故事-爱国主义教育活动
方位介词
介词是一种用来表示词与词
,
词与句之间的关系的词。
在句中不能单独作句字成分。
介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作 它的宾语。介词和它
的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语，定语或介词宾语
。
at ,in, on, to
at (1)
表示在小地方
; (2)
表示“在……附近，旁边”
in (1)
表示
在大地方
; (2)
表示“在…范围之内”。
on
表示毗邻，接壤
to
表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤
及时练
arrived _____ the station at ten.
is sitting ______ the desk.
arrived _____ Shanghai yesterday.
u lies ________ the east of China.
live ______ the north of China.
is ________ the south of Jiangsu Province.
2)above, over, on
在……上
above
指在……上方
,
不强调是否垂直，与
below
相对
;
over
指垂直的上方
,
与< br>under
相对
,
但
over
与物体有一定的空间，不直接接 触。
on
表示某物体上面并与之接触。
bird is flying above my head.
is a bridge over the river.
put his watch on the desk.
3)below, under
在……下面
under
表示在…正下方
below
表示在……下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.
方位介词
1. at
表示
在
......
处
，一般指较小的比较具体的地点。
如：
He isn't at school. He is at home.
他不在学校，他在家。
2. in
表示
在
... ...
内部
;
在
......
里面
的意思。如：< br> What is in the box?
盒子里
有什么
?
3. on
表示
在某物的上面
，但两者互相接触。
如：
My books are on that table.
我的书在那张桌子上。
on the wall
在墙上
4. under
表示
在某物垂直的正下方
，两者之间不接触。
如：
My cat is under my chair.
我的猫在我的椅子下。
5.
behind
表示
在某物体的后面
。
如：
The
broom
is
behind
the
door.
笤帚在门后。
6. in front of
表示
在
......
的前面
，正好与
behind
相反
。
如：
There are some big trees in front of our classroom.
我们教室前面有几棵
大树。
7. near
表示
在某物体的附近
，意为
接近、靠近
。
如：
The ball is near the door.
球在门旁边。
连词
一．定义：
连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，
短语与短语以及
句与句 的作用。
连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。
二．并列连词（并列关系，选择关系，转折关系）
1.
表示并列关系的连词
并列连词：并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。
1)
and
和
判断改错：
(
错
) They sat down and talk about something.
(
错
) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(
对
) They sat down and talked about something.
(
对
)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解
析：第一句：
and
连接两个并列的谓语，所以
talk
应改为
talked
。
第二句：
and
连接感观动词
saw
后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，
因此
whisper
应改为
whispering
。
注意：
（
1
）
、
and
还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。
(or
也有此用法
)
Be
careful,
or
you
will
cut
ur
fingers.=If
you
are
not
careful,
you
will
cut
ur
fingers.
One
more
effort,
and
you'll
succeed.
=
If
you
make
one
more
effort,
you'll
succeed.
（
2
）
、
A and B
当表示整体或者指同一人时谓语动词用单数
,
当
and
连接的单数
名词前分别有
each
，
every
，
many
等 词修饰时，谓语也用单数。
bread and butter
a knife and fork
The mother and teacher is very strict with her son.
No teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class.
（
3
）
、
and
连接的是两个相同意思的词，表示“渐渐”
，或加强语气
Read it again and again
2)
both
…
and
两者都
(
后面的谓语动词用复数
)
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3)
neither
…
nor
意思为
既不……也不……
（谓语动词采用就近原则，与
nor
后的词
保持一致）
Neither you nor he is to blame.
4)
not only
…
but (also)
不但·
·
·
·
·
·而且·
·
·
·
·
·
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意：
not only
…
but also
关联两个分句时，
一个分句若有否定词
not
时必须倒装。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
5) as well as
以及，也，与·
·
·同样
（谓语动词就前原则）
The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.
注意：
and
和
or
的区别于联系
1)
并列结构中，
or
通常用于否定句，
and
用于肯定句。
2)
但有时
and
也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon.= There is no air and no water on the moon.
( pay attention to the differences between
“
on
”
and
“
in
”
) (surface and interior)
在否定中并列结构用
or
连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际 被看作是肯定结构，因
此要用
and
。
2.
表示选择关系的连词
1) or
意思为
或则
。多用于用于否定和疑问句中
Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?
2) either
…
or
意思为
或者……或者
……
。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
Either you or I am right.
3) or else/ otherwise
否则
Be silent, or else you will be kicked out.
I am tired, otherwise, I would finish my homework.
3.
表示转折或对比关系的连词
1) but
但是
He is rich but unhappy.
while
然而，表示对比意味
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
However
然而，可是，不过
She does not like him, however, I like him.
2) not
…
but
…
意思为
不是
……而是……
not
和
but
后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
4.
表因果关系的连词
1) for
因为 ，做并列连词使用时，是在对先行的句子补述原因或者理由，只可以连接句
子与句子，通常不置于句首。
He is absent today, for he is ill.
2) so, therefore
因此
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
I think, therefore I am.
3) then
那么，因而
Hide behind the wall, then they won
’
t see you.
注意：
a.
两个并列连词不能连用，但
therefore, then, yet.
可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although
…
yet
…，但
although
不与
but
连用。
(
错
)
Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(
对
)
Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
三
.
从属连词
1.
定义：
从属连词不同与并列连词，只能用来引导从句，而不能引导词或者词组。从属
连词一般可以引导名词性从句和状语从句。
2.
引导名词性从句的从属连词
1) that
引导宾语从句或间接引语时，可省略。引导主语从句时不可以省略。
He said (that) he would come.
宾语从句
His mother told me (that) he is a good boy.
间接引语
That she is still alive is true.
主语从句
2) if/whether
是否（多数情况下可以互换）
I wonder if he is at home.
I ask him whether he would come.
注意：只可以用
whether
的情况
用于介词后面
It will depend on whether it rains tomorrow.
固定搭配
whether
·
·
·
or not.
Let me know whether you come or not.
动词不定式前
I don
’
t know whether to accept his advice.
3.
引导状语从句的从属连词
1)
连接时间状语从句的从属连词
before
在·
·
·之前
The war had been over before he came to China.
after
在·
·
·之后
He came to China after the war was over.
since
自从
I have lived in this city since I was born.
when/while
当·
·
·
Mom entered the classroom, when all the babies were sleeping.
When I came into this room, I found him lying bed asleep. (while
后延续性动
词
)
as
当·
·
·
I saw her as I was getting on the bus.
till/until
直到
I didn
’
t go to sleep until/till I finished my homework.
as soon as
一·
·
·就·
·
·
As soon as he saw the policeman, the thief run away.
2)
连接地点状语从句的从属连词
where
在哪里
There were lots of parks where I lived.
3)
连接原因状语从句的从属连词
because
强调直接原因和因果关系
I do it because I like it.
for
表间接的原因，用于说明，解释
I soon went to sleep, for I was tired.
since
表原因，
比
because
弱，比
as
强，
表一种已知的，显然的理由，
常译为
“既
然
as
表原因时，意义最弱
As
you
are
in
poor
health,
you
should
do
more
exercises.
4)
连接结果状语从句的从属连词
so
·
·
·
(adj) that
·
·
·
如此·
·
·以至于·
·
·
He is so kind that everybody likes him.
such
·
·
·
（n
）
that
·
·
·
如此以至于
He is such a kind man that everybody likes him
5)
连接目的状语从句的从属连词
that / so that / in order that
为了
Speak clearly that/so that/ in order that they may understand you.
6)
连接条件状语从句的从属连词
if
如果
If it rains tomorrow, we won
’
t go on a picnic.
unless
除非
(
如果不
)
He will come unless it rains.
in case
万一
You may call this number in case I am not at home
7)
连接比较状语从句的从属连词
than
比
It
’
s easier than I thought.
as/so
·
·
·
as
·
·
·和·
·
·一样
She is as tall as you.
He is not as/so tall as his wife.
8)
连接方式状语从句的从属连词
as
按照
Do as I told you.
Take things as they are.
as if / though
仿佛
He behaves as if/though he was a child.
9)
引导让步状语从句的从属连词
although/though
尽管
Although Japan is small, the population is big.
even if
即便
Even if it was snowing heavily, we went on running.
初中英语语法专项练习——连词
1. He can speak English_______ Chinese.
A. but
B. also
C. so
D. and
2. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much.
A. but
B. or
C. since
D. because
3. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the library?
A. or
B. as
C. so that
D. both
4. She has a son _______ a daughter.
A. but
B. and
C. so
D. or
5. I'll give her the gift ______ she arrives.
A. so
B. before
C. as soon as
D. since
6. Tom was ____ill that we had to send for a doctor.
A. so
B. very
C. and
D. too
7. The woman was____ angry_____ she couldn't speak anything.
A. neither…nor
B. either…or
C. both…and
D. so…that
8. ______we got home it was very late.
A. When
B. While
C. Because
D. As
9. We heard clearly_____ she said.
A. what
B. which
C. before
D. because
10. I can't sleep well at night, ______I often feel very tired in the day.
A. so
B. because
C. and
D. or
11. When you're learning a foreign language, use it, ______ you will lose it.
A. but
B. or
C. then
D. and
12. --- Can you play football?
--- Yes, I can, ______ I can't play it very well.
A. or
B. and
C. but
D. so
13. Study hard, ______ you will fall behind.
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. or
14. My favorite is action movie ______ I think it's exciting.
A. and
B. because
C. but
D. so
15. The boy is very smart, ______ many of his classmates like him.
A. but
B. so
C. or
D. for
16. He has never heard______ seen such a thing before.
A. nor B. and C. or D. since
17. _________ John _______I are policemen.
A. Neither ... nor B. Either ... or C. Both ... and D. Not only... but also
18. Mr Smith teaches ______well ______ his lessons are not easily forgotten.
A. very ... that B. quite ... but C. so ... as D. so ... that
19. He didn't go to sleep ______he finished his homework.
A. till B. before C. after D. until
20. I didn't buy the dictionary yesterday ________ my aunt would give me one.
A. until B. because C. if D. before
参考答案
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16-20 CADDB
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