无线网卡怎么安装-通话故事

2021年1月18日发(作者：凤栖)
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Lesson1

We can read of things that happened 5,000 years
ago in the Near East, where people first learned to
write. But there are some parts of the world where
even now people cannot write. The only way that
they can preserve their history is to recount it as
sagas--legends
handed
down
from
one
generation
of
story-tellers
to
another.
These
legends
are
useful
because
they
can
tell
us
something about migrations of people who lived
long ago, but none could write down what they did.
Anthropologists
wondered
where
the
remote
ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in
the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these
people
explain
that
some
of
them
came
from
Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.

But the first people who were like ourselves lived
so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any,
are
forgotten.
So
archaeologists
have
neither
history nor legends to help them to find out where
the first 'modern men' came from.

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Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of
stone,
especially
flint,
because
this
is
easier
to
shape than other kinds. They may also have used
wood
and
skins,
but
these
have
rotted
away.
Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long
ago have remained when even the bones of the
men
who
made
them
have
disappeared
without
trace.


Lesson2

Why,
you
may
wonder,
should
spiders
be
our
friends ? Because they destroy so many insects,
and insects include some of the greatest enemies
of
the
human
race.
Insects
would
make
it
impossible for us to live in the world; they would
devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,
if
it
were
not
for
the
protection
we
get
from
insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds
and
beasts
who
eat
insects
but
all
of
them
put
together
kill
only
a
fraction
of
the
number
destroyed
by
spiders.
Moreover,
unlike
some
of
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the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least
harm to us or our belongings.

Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor
even
nearly
related
to
them.
One
can
tell
the
difference almost at a glance for a spider always
has eight legs and an insect never more than six.
How many spiders are engaged in this work on our
behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census
of
the
spiders
in
a
grass
field
in
the
south
of
England, and he estimated that there were more
than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like
6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football
pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in
killing insects. It is impossible to make more than
the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they
are hungry creatures, not content with only three
meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight
of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in
one year would be greater than the total weight of
all the human beings in the country.


Lesson3

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Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route
which
will
give
them
good
sport,
and
the
more
difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the
pioneering days, however, this was not the case at
all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest
way to the top because the summit was the prize
they
sought,
especially
if
it
had
never
been
attained
before.
It
is
true
that
during
their
explorations
they
often
faced
difficulties
and
dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a
manner
which
would
make
a
modern
climber
shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of
their
way
to
court
such
excitement.
They
had
a
single aim, a solitary goal--the top!
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it
was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places
such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly
become
popular,
Alpine
villages
tended
to
be
impoverished settlements cut off from civilization
by the high mountains. Such inns
as there were
were
generally
dirty
and
flea-ridden;
the
food
simply local cheese accompanied by bread often
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twelve months old, all washed down with coarse
wine.
Often
a
valley
boasted
no
inn
at
all,
and
climbers
found
shelter
wherever
they
could--sometimes with the local priest (who was
usually
as
poor
as
his
parishioners),
sometimes
with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the
background was the same: dirt and poverty, and
very
uncomfortable.
For
men
accustomed
to
eating
seven-course
dinners
and
sleeping
between fine linen sheets at home, the change to
the Alps
must have been very hard indeed.


Lesson4

In
the
Soviet
Union
several
cases
have
been
reported
recently
of
people
who
can
read
and
detect
colours
with
their
fingers,
and
even
see
through solid doors and walls. One case concerns
an 'eleven-year- old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who
has
normal
vision
but
who
can
also
perceive
things with different parts of her skin, and through
solid
walls.
This
ability
was
first
noticed
by
her
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father.
One
day
she
came
into
his
office
and
happened
to
put
her
hands
on
the
door
of
a
locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father
why
he
kept
so
many
old
newspapers
locked
away
there, and even described the way they were done
up in bundles.

Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of
a
scientific
research
institute
in
the
town
of
UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she
was
given
a
series
of
tests
by
a
special
commission
of
the
Ministry
of
Health
of
the
Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she
was able to read a newspaper through an opaque
screen
and,
stranger
still,
by
moving
her
elbow
over
a
child's
game
of
Lotto
she
was
able
to
describe the figures and colours printed on it; and,
in
another
instance,
wearing
stockings
and
slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and
colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other
experiments showed that her knees and shoulders
had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera
was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold
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she lacked the ability to perceive things with her
skin.
It
was
also
found
that
although
she
could
perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased
the moment her hands were wet.


Lesson5

The
gorilla
is
something
of
a
paradox
in
the
African scene. One thinks one knows him very well.
For a hundred years or more he has been killed,
captured,
and
imprisoned,
in
zoos.
His
bones
have
been
mounted
in
natural
history
museums
everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong
fascination
upon
scientists
and
romantics
alike.
He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films
and the adventure books, and an obvious (though
not perhaps strictly scientific) link
with our ancestral past.

Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No
really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken
of
one
in
a
wild
state,
no
zoologist,
however
intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under
close and constant observation in the dark jungles
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in
which
he
lives.
Carl
Akeley,
the
American
naturalist,
animals he
loved so well. But even he was unable to discover
how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor
was he able to define the exact social pattern of
the family groups, or indicate
the final extent of
their
intelligence.
All
this
and
many
other
things
remain
almost
as
much
a
mystery
as
they
were
when
the
French
explorer
Du
Chaillu
first
described
the
animal
to
the
civilized
world
a
century
ago.
The
Abominable
Snowman
who
haunts
the
imagination
of
climbers
in
the
Himalayas is hardly more elusive.


Lesson6

People are always talking about' the problem of
youth
'.
If
there
is
one
—
which
I
take
leave
to
doubt--then it is older people who create it, not
the
young
themselves.
Let
us
get
down
to
fundamentals and agree that the young are after
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led
two
expeditions
in
the
nineteen- twenties, and now lies buried among the
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all
human
beings-- people
just
like
their
elders.
There is only one difference between an old man
and a young one: the young man has a glorious
future before him and the old one has a splendid
future
behind
him:
and
maybe
that
is
where
the
rub is.
When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young
and
uncertain--that
I
was
a
new
boy
in
a
huge
school, and I would have been very pleased to be
regarded
as
something
so
interesting
as
a
problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you
a certain identity, and that is one of the things the
young are busily engaged in seeking.
I find young people exciting. They have an air of
freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment
to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are
not
anxious
social
climbers,
and
they
have
no
devotion to material things. All this seems to me
to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's
as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in
violent
an
lovely
contrast
with
us
suburban
creatures.
All
that
is
in
my
mind
when
I
meet
a
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young
person.
He
may
be
conceited,
ill-
mannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not
turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect
for
elders--as
if
mere
age
were
a
reason
for
respect.
I
accept
that
we
are
equals,
and
I
will
argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.


Lesson7

I am
always
amazed
when I
hear people
saying
that sport creates goodwill between the nations,
and that if only the common peoples of the world
could meet one another at football or cricket, they
would
have
no
inclination
to
meet
on
the
battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete
examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance)
that international sporting contests lead to orgies
of
hatred,
one
could
deduce
it
from
general
principles.
Nearly
all
the
sports
practised
nowadays
are
competitive. You play to win, and the game has
little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
On the village green, where you pick up sides and
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no
feeling
of
local
patriotism
is
involved,
it
is
possible to play simply for the fun and exercise:
but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as
soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will
be
disgraced
if
you
lose,
the
most
savage
combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has
played even in a school football match knows this.
At
the
international
level
sport
is
frankly
mimic
warfare.
But
the
significant
thing
is
not
the
behaviour
of
the
players
but
the
attitude
of
the
spectators:
and,
behind
the
spectators,
of
the
nations.
who
work
themselves
into
furies
over
these absurd contests, and seriously believe--at
any rate for short periods--that running, jumping
and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.


Lesson8

Parents
have
to
do
much
less
for
their
children
today
than
they
used
to
do,
and
home
has
become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be
bought
ready
made,
washing
can
go
to
the
laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or
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preserved,
bread
is
baked
and
delivered
by
the
baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be
had at the restaurant, the works' canteen, and the
school dining-room.

It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or
other employment at home, and his children rarely,
if
ever,
see
him
at
his
place
of
work.
Boys
are
therefore
seldom
trained
to
follow
their
father's
occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly
wide choice of employment and so do girls. The
young wage-earner often earns good money, and
soon
acquires
a
feeling
of
economic
independence.
In
textile
areas
it
has
long
been
customary for mothers to go out to work, but this
practice
has
become
so
widespread
that
the
working mother is now a not unusual factor in a
child's home life, the number of married women in
employment having more than doubled in the last
twenty-five
years.
With
mother
earning
and
his
older children drawing substantial wages father is
seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the
beginning of the century. When mother works
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economic
advantages
accrue,
but
children
lose
something of great value if mother's employment
prevents her from being home to greet them when
they return from school.


Lesson9

Not
all
sounds
made
by
animals
serve
as
language,
and
we
have
only
to
turn
to
that
extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to
see
a
case
in
which
the
voice
plays
a
strictly
utilitarian role.
To get a full appreciation of what this means we
must turn first to some recent human inventions.
Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a
wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.
The
further
off
this
solid
obstruction
the
longer
time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound
made
by
tapping
on
the
hull
of
a
ship
will
be
reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring
the time interval between the taps and the receipt
of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point
can
be
calculated.
So
was
born
the
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echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in
ships.
Every
solid
object
will
reflect
a
sound,
varying ac- cording to the size and nature of the
object.
A
shoal
of
fish
will
do
this.
So
it
is
a
comparatively simple step from locating the sea
bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience,
and with improved apparatus, it is now possible
not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring,
cod, or other well- known fish, by the pattern of its
echo .

A few years ago it was found that certain bats
emit
squeaks
and
by
receiving
the
echoes
they
could
locate
and
steer
clear
of
obstacles-- or
locate
flying
insects
on
which
they
feed.
This
echo- location
in
bats
is
often
compared
with
radar, the principle of which is similar.



Lesson10

In
our
new
society
there
is
a
growing
dislike
of
original,
creative
men.
The
manipulated
do
not
understand them; the manipulators fear them. The
tidy
committee
men
regard
them
with
horror,
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knowing
that
no
pigeonholes
can
be
found
for
them.
We
could
do
with
a
few
original,
creative
men
in
our
political
life
—
if
only
to
create
some
enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are
they?
We
are
asked
to
choose
between
various
shades
of
the
negative.
The
engine
is
falling
to
pieces
while
the
joint
owners
of
the
car
argue
whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be
applied.
Notice
how
the
cold,
colourless
men,
without
ideas
and
with
no
other
passion
but
a
craving
for
success,
get
on
in
this
society,
capturing one plum after another and taking the
juice and taste out of them. Sometimes you might
think the machines we worship make all the chief
appointments, promoting the human beings who
seem
closest
to
them.
Between
mid- night
and
dawn,
when
sleep
will
not
come
and
all
the
old
wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare
vision of a future world in which there are billions
of people, all numbered and registered, with not a
gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a
rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The
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twin ideals of our time, organization and quantity,
will have won for ever.



Lesson11

Alfred
the
Great
acted
as
his
own
spy,
visiting
Danish
camps
disguised
as
a
minstrel.
In
those
days
wandering
minstrels
were
welcome
everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their
harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many
of
their
ballads
in
his
youth,
and
could
vary
his
programme
with
acrobatic
tricks
and
simple
conjuring.
While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather
at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate
the
camp
of
Guthrum,
the
commander
of
the
Danish invaders. These had settled down for the
winter
at
Chippenham:
thither
Alfred
went.
He
noticed
at
once
that
discipline
was
slack:
the
Danes
had
the
self-confidence
of
conquerors,
and their security precautions were casual. They
lived
well,
on
the
proceeds
of
raids
on
neighbouring regions. There they collected women
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as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had
made them soft.

Alfred
stayed
in
the
camp
a
week
before
he
returned to Athelney. The force there assembled
was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But
Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer
fit
for
prolonged
battle
:
and
that
their
commissariat had no organization, but depended
on irregular raids.

So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did
not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was
constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after
him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger
assailed
the
Danish
army.
Now
Alfred
began
a
long series of skirmishes--and within a month the
Danes
had
surrendered.
The
episode
could
reasonably
serve
as
a
unique
epic
of
royal
espionage!



Lesson12

What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures
is their inner emptiness. This is compensated for
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by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness
usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism.
Nothing
is
spared
to
make
the
setting,
the
costumes, all of the surface details correct. These
efforts help to mask the essential emptiness of the
characterization,
and
the
absurdities
and
trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses,
the streets look like streets; the people look and
talk like people; but they are empty of humanity,
credibility,
and
motivation.
Needless
to
say,
the
disgraceful censorship code is an important factor
in
predetermining
the
content
of
these
pictures.
But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the
entertainment value of the films; it merely helps to
prevent
them
from
being
credible.
It
isn't
too
heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition
to the impressiveness of
the settings, there
is
a
use of the camera, which at times seems magical.
But of what human import is all this skill, all this
effort, all this energy in the production of effects,
when the story, the representation of life is hollow,
stupid, banal, childish ?
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Lesson13

Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The
peace which Oxford once knew, and which a great
university city should always have, has been swept
ruthlessly
away;
and
no
benefactions
and
research
endowments
can
make
up
for
the
change in character which the city has suffered. At
six in the morning the old courts shake to the roar
of
buses
taking
the
next
shift
to
Cowley
and
Pressed
Steel,
great
lorries
with
a
double
deck
cargo
of
cars
for
export
lumber
past
Magdalen
and
the
University
Church.
Loads
of
motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and
the streets are thronged with a population which
has no interest in learning and knows no studies
beyond
servo-systems
and
distributors,
compression ratios and camshafts.
Theoretically
the
marriage
of
an
old
seat
of
learning
and
tradition
with
a
new
and
wealthy
industry
might
be
expected
to
produce
some
interesting
children.
It
might
have
been
thought
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that the culture of the university would radiate out
and transform the lives of the workers. That this
has
not
happened
may
be
the
fault
of
the
university, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the
colleges tend to
live in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth
century,
and
upon
a
planet
which
bears
little
resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherever the
fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre
at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the
verge
of
extinction,
and
the
only
fruit
of
the
combination
of
industry
and
the
rarefied
atmosphere of learning is the dust in the streets,
and
a
pathetic
sense
of
being
lost
which
hangs
over some of the colleges.


Lesson14

Some
old
people
are
oppressed
by
the
fear
of
death. In the young there is a justification for this
feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that
they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter
in the thought that they have been cheated of the
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best things that life has to offer. But in an old man
who has known human joys and sorrows, and has
achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the
fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The
best way to overcome it- so at least it seems to
me ----is to make your interests gradually wider
and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of
the
ego
recede,
and
your
life
becomes
increasingly
merged
in
the
universal
life.
An
individual
human
existence
should
be
like
a
river--small at first, narrowly contained within its
banks,
and
rushing
passionately
past
boulders
and
over
waterfalls.
Gradually
the
river
grows
wider,
the
banks
recede,
the
waters
flow
more
quietly, and in the end, without any visible break,
they
become
merged
in
the
sea,
and
painlessly
lose
their
individual
being.
The
man
who,
in
old
age,
can
see
his
life
in
this
way,
will
not
suffer
from the fear of death, since the things he cares
for will continue. And it, with the decay of vitality,
weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not
unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work,
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knowing
that
others
will
carry
on
what
I
can
no
longer
do,
and
content
in
the
thought
that
what
was possible has been done.


Lesson15

When anyone opens a current account at a bank,
he is lending the bank money, repayment of which
he may demand at any time, either in cash or by
drawing
a
cheque
in
favour
of
another
person.
Primarily, the banker- customer relationship is that
of debtor and creditor--who is which depending
on whether the customer's account is in credit or
is
overdrawn.
But,
in
addition
to
that
basically
simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a
large number of obligations to one another. Many
of these obligations can give rise to problems and
complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a
buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is
loaded against him.
The bank must obey
its customer's instructions,
and not those of anyone else. When, for example,
a
customer
first
opens
an
account,
he
instructs
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the bank to debit his account only
in respect of
cheques
drawn
by
himself.
He
gives
the
bank
specimens
of
his
signature,
and
there
is
a
very
firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to
pay
out
a
customer's
money
on
a
cheque
on
which its customer's signature has been forged. It
makes
no
difference
that
the
forgery
may
have
been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize
its customer's signature. For this reason there is
no
risk
to
the
customer
in
the
modern
practice,
adopted
by
some
banks,
of
printing
the
customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates
forgery
it
is
the
bank
which
will
lose,
not
the
customer.



Lesson16

The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they
go down to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do
not need to send men down to get the oil out, as
we
must
with
other
mineral
deposits.
The
holes
are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My
particular
experience
is
largely
in
oil,
and
the
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search
for
oil
has
done
more
to
improve
deep
drilling than any other mining activity. When it has
been decided where we are going to drill, we put
up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall
because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we
have to lower into the ground and haul out of the
ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated
by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting
bit at the bottom.

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill
has
reached,
so
every
so
often
a
sample
is
obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder
of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill
has been cutting through. Once we get down to
the
oil,
it
usually
flows
to
the
surface
because
great
pressure,
either
from
gas
or
water,
is
pushing it. This pressure must be under control,
and we control it by means of the mud which we
circulate
down
the
drill
pipe.
We
endeavour
to
avoid
the old, romantic idea of
a gusher, which
wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the
hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.

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Lesson17

The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is,
nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from
finding
it
a
very
useful
working
concept,
and
placing
a
certain
amount
of
reliance
on
tests
which 'measure' it.

In
an
intelligence
test
we
take
a
sample
of
an
individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems
of
various
kinds,
and
if
we
have
taken
a
representative
sample
it
will
allow
us
to
predict
successfully the level of performance he will reach
in a wide variety

of occupations.

This became of particular importance when, as a
result
of
the
1944
Education
Act,
secondary
schooling
for
all
became
law,
and
grammar
schools, with the exception of a small number of
independent
foundation
schools,
became
available
to
the
whole
population.
Since
the
number of grammar schools in the country could
accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent
of the total child population of eleven-plus, some
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kind
of
selection
had
to
be
made.
Narrowly
academic examinations and tests were felt, quite
rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children
who had had the advantage of highly-academic
primary schools and academically biased homes.
Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this
narrow
specialization,
by
introducing
problems
which
were
not
based
on
specifically
The
scholastically-acquired
knowledge.
intelligence
test
is
an
attempt
to
assess
the
general ability of any child to think, reason, judge,
analyse
and
synthesize
by
presenting
him
with
situations,
both
verbal
and
practical,
which
are
within


Lesson18

Two
factors
weigh
heavily
against
the
effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the
general
atmosphere
of
secrecy
in
which
it
is
carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the
individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry
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his
range
of
competence
and
understanding.

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is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged
in carrying it out from effective contact with their
fellow
scientists
either
in
other
countries
or
in
universities,
or
even
,
often
enough
,
in
other
departments
of
the
same
firm.
The
degree
of
secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the
bigger firms are engaged in researches which are
of such general and fundamental nature that it is a
positive
advantage
to
them
not
to
keep
them
secret. Yet a great many processes depending on
such
research
are
sought
for
with
complete
secrecy
until
the
stage
at
which
patents
can
be
taken
out.
Even
more
processes
are
never
patented at all but kept as secret processes. This
applies particularly to chemical industries, where
chance discoveries play a much larger part than
they
do
in
physical
and
mechanical
industries.
Sometimes
the
secrecy
goes
to
such
an
extent
that the whole nature of the research

cannot be
mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great
difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books
from libraries because they are unwilling to have
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their names entered as having taken out such and
such
a
book
for
fear
the
agents
of
other
firms
should be able to trace the kind of research they
are likely to be undertaking.


Lesson19

A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested
in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to
cultivate
hobbies,
even
eccentricities,
but
must
not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride
and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives
in the army and navy and at least one connection
in
the
diplomatic
service.
But
there
are
weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to
rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political
economy and less about how foreign countries are
governed.
He
does
not
respect
learning
and
prefers 'sport '. The problem set for society is not
the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for
its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He
refuses
to
consider
sufficiently
the
wants
of
the
customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires
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but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell.
He
attends
inadequately
to
technological
development.
Disbelieving
in
the
necessity
of
large-scale production in the modern world, he is
passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both
in finance and method of production. He has an
incurable
and
widespread
nepotism
in
appointment, discounting ability and relying upon
a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in
a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally
possesses
himself.
His
lack
of
imagination
and
the narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged
against him one of the fundamental estates of the
realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism
which admits that this is a new world to which he
must adjust himself and his institutions, that every
privilege he formerly took as of right he can now
attain
only
by
offering
proof
that
it
is
directly
relevant to social welfare.


Lesson20

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In the organization of industrial life the influence of
the
factory
upon
the
physiological
and
mental
state
of
the
workers
has
been
completely
neglected.
Modern
industry
is
based
on
the
conception of the maximum production at lowest
cost,
in
order
that
an
individual
or
a
group
of
individuals may earn as much money as possible.
It has expanded without any idea of the true nature
of the human beings who run the machines, and
without
giving
any
consideration
to
the

effects
produced
on
the
individuals
and
on
their
descendants
by
the
artificial
mode
of
existence
imposed by the factory. The great cities have been
built
with
no
regard
for
us.
The
shape
and
dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on
the necessity of obtaining the maximum income
per square foot of ground, and of offering to the
tenants offices and apartments that please them.
This caused the construction of gigantic buildings
where
too
large
masses
of
human
beings
are
crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of
living.
While
they
enjoy
the
comfort
and
banal
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luxury
of
their
dwelling,
they
do
not
realize
that
they
are
deprived
of
the
necessities
of
life.
The
modern
city
consists
of
monstrous
edifices
and
of

dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes, coal
dust,
and
toxic
gases,
torn
by
the
noise
of
the
taxi-cabs,
lorries
and
buses,
and
thronged
ceaselessly by great

crowds. Obviously, it has no been planned for the
good of its inhabitants.


Lesson21

In
the
early
days
of
the
settlement
of
Australia,
enterprising
settlers
unwisely
introduced
the
European
rabbit.
This
rabbit
had
no
natural
enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with
that
promiscuous
abandon
characteristic
of
rabbits.
It
overran
a
whole
continent.
It
caused
devastation
by
burrowing
and
by
devouring
the
herbage which might have maintained millions of
sheep
and
cattle.
Scientists
discovered
that
this
particular
variety
of
rabbit
(and
apparently
no
other
animal)
was
susceptible
to
a
fatal
virus
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disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and
letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics
of
this
disease
could
be
created.
Later
it
was
found
that
there
was
a
type
of
mosquito
which
acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it
on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world
was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was
encouraging
this
one.
It
effectively
spread
the
disease
all
over
the
continent
and
drastically
reduced
the
rabbit
population.
It
later
became
apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of
resistance
to
this
disease,
so
that
the
rabbit
population
was
unlikely
to
be
completely
exterminated.
There
were
hopes,
however,
that
the
problem
of
the
rabbit
would
become
manageable.

Ironically,
Europe,
which
had
bequeathed
the
rabbit
as
a
pest
to
Australia
acquired
this
man-made
disease
as
a
pestilence.
A
French
physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on
his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did
not,
however,
remain
within
the
confines
of
his
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estate.
It
spread
through
France
where
wild
rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as
a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to
Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest
but
where
domesticated
rabbits,
equally
susceptible
to
the
disease,
are
the
basis
of
a
profitable fur industry. The question became one
of whether Man could control the disease he had
invented.



Lesson22

There
has
long
been
a
superstition
among
mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by
pushing them to the surface, or protect them from
sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.
Marine
Studio
biologists
have
pointed
out
that,
however intelligent they may be, it is probably a
mistake
to
credit
dolphins
with
any
motive
of
life-saving.
On
the
occasions
when
they
have
pushed
to
shore
an
unconscious
human
being
they have much more likely done it out of curiosity
or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.
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In
1928
some
porpoises
were
photographed
working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged
mattress.
If,
as
has
been
reported,
they
have
protected humans from sharks, it may have been
because curiosity attracted them and because the
scent
of
a
possible
meal
attracted
the
sharks.
Porpoises
and
sharks
are
natural
enemies.
It
is
possible
that
upon
such
an
occasion
a
battle
ensued,
with
the
sharks
being
driven
away
or
killed.

Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is
intrigued
with
anything
that
is
alive.
They
are
constantly
after
the
turtles,
the
Ferdinands
of
marine life, who peacefully submit to all sorts of
indignities.
One
young
calf
especially
enjoyed
raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and
then
shoving
him
across
the
tank
like
an
aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may
be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over
by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell
and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and
may
require
two
porpoises
working
together.
In
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another
game,
as
the
turtle
swims
across
the
oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from
above
and
butts
his
shell
with
his
belly.
This
knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner
recovers
his
equilibrium
than
the
next
porpoise
comes
along
and
hits
him
another
crack.
Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way
down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied
merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does
so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle
at last
gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the
game is over.


Lesson23

It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have
some function, and because there is so much of it
the
function
would
seem
to
be
important.
Speculations about its nature have been going on
for
literally
thousands
of
years,
and
one
odd
finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it
looks
very
much
as
if
sleeping
is
not
simply
a
matter of giving the body a rest.' Rest ', in terms
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of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved
by a brief period lying, or even sitting down. The
body's
tissues
are
self-repairing
and
self- restoring to a degree, and function best when
more or less continuously active. In fact a basic
amount of movement occurs during sleep which is
specifically
concerned
with
preventing
muscle
inactivity.

If
it
is
not
a
question
of
resting
the
body,
then
perhaps
it
is
the
brain
that
needs
resting?
This
might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two
factors. First the electroencephalograph (which is
simply a device for recording the electrical activity
of
the
brain
by
attaching
electrodes
to
the
scalp)

shows that while there is a change in the
pattern
of
activity
during
sleep,
there
is
no
evidence
that
the
total
amount
of
activity
is
any
less.
The
second
factor
is
more
interesting
and
more
fundamental.
In
l960
an
American
psychiatrist
named
William
Dement
published
experiments
dealing
with
the
recording
of
eye-movements during sleep. He showed that the
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average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with
peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting
and
slow,
others
jerky
and
rapid.
People
woken
during these periods of eye- movements generally
reported
that
they
had
been
dreaming.
When
woken at other times they reported no dreams. If
one
group
of
people
were
disturbed
from
their
eye-movement
sleep
for
several
nights
on
end,
and
another
group
were
disturbed
for
an
equal
period of time but when they were not exhibiting
eye- movements,
the
first
group
began
to
show
some
personality
disorders
while
the
others
seemed more or less unaffected. The implications
of all this were that it was not the disturbance of
sleep
that
mattered,
but
the
disturbance
of
dreaming.


Lesson24

Walking
for
walking'
s
sake
may
be
as
highly
laudable and exemplary a thing as it is held to be
by those who practise it. My objection to it is that it
stops the brain. Many a man has professed to me
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that his brain never works so well as when he is
swinging along the high road or over hill and dale
This
boast
is
not
confirmed
by
my
memory
of
anybody who on a Sunday morning has forced me
to
partake
of
his
adventure.
Experience
teaches
me
that
whatever
a
fellow-guest
may
have
of
power to instruct or to amuse when he is sitting in
a
chair,
or
standing
on
a
hearth-rug,
quickly
leaves him when he takes one out for a walk. The
ideas that come so thick and fast to him in any
room,
where
are
they
now
?
where
that
encyclopaedic knowledge which he bore so lightly ?
where the kindling fancy that played like summer
lightning
over
any
topic
that
was
started
?
The
man's face that was so mobile is set now; gone is
the light from his fine eyes. He says that A (our
host)
is
a
thoroughly
good
fellow.
Fifty
yards
further
on,
he
adds
that
A
is
one
of
the
best
fellows he has ever met. We tramp another furlong
or so and he says that Mrs A is a charming woman.
Presently
he
adds
that
she
is
one
of
the
most
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charming women he has ever known. We pass an
inn. He reads
vapidly aloud to me: 'The King's Arms. Licensed
to sell Ales and Spirits.' I foresee that during the
rest of the walk he will read aloud any inscription
that occurs. We pass a milestone. He points at it
with his stick, and says'

Uxminster. II Miles.' We
turn a sharp corner at the foot of the hill. He points
at
the
wall,
and
says'
Drive
Slowly.' .I
see
far
ahead, on the other side of the hedge bordering
the
high
road,
a
small
notice-board.
He
sees
it
too. He keeps his eye on it. And in due course.
'Trespassers,' he says, 'will be Prosecuted.' Poor
man !
—
mentally a wreck.



Lesson25

How
it
came
about
that
snakes
manufactured
poison is a mystery. Over the periods their saliva,
a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted
into
a
poison
that
defies
analysis
even
today.
It
was
not
forced
upon
them
by
the
survival
competition; they could have caught and lived on
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prey without using poison just as the thousands of
non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake
is merely a luxury; it enables it to get its food with
very little effort, no more effort than one bite. And
why
only
snakes
?
Cats,
for
instance,
would
be
greatly helped; no running rights with large, fierce
rats or tussles with grown rabbits- just a bite and
no
more
effort
needed.
In
fact
it
would
be
an
assistance to all the carnivorae--though it would
be a two- edged weapon -When they fought each
other.
But,
of
the
vertebrates,
unpredictable
Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard). One
wonders
also
why
Nature,
with
some
snakes
concocted poison of such extreme potency.
In the conversion of saliva into poison one might
suppose that a fixed process took place. It did not;
some snakes manufactured a poison different in
every respect from that of others, as different as
arsenic
is
from
strychnine,
and
having
different
effects. One poison acts on the nerves, the other
on the blood.

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The
makers
of
the
nerve
poison
include
the
mambas and the cobras and their venom is called
neurotoxic.
Vipers
(adders)
and
rattlesnakes
manufacture the blood poison, which is known as
haemolytic. Both poisons are unpleasant, but by
far the more unpleasant is the blood poison. It is
said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of
the two, that the blood poison is , so to speak, a
newer product from an improved formula. Be that
as it may, the nerve poison does its business with
man far more quickly than the blood poison. This,
however , means nothing. Snakes did not acquire
their
poison
for
use
against
man
but
for
use
against
prey
such
as
rats
and
mice,
and
the
effects
on
these
of
viperine
poison
is
almost
immediate.


Lesson27

William S. Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all
Western
stars,
for
unlike
Gary
Cooper
and
John
Wayne
he
appeared
in
nothing
but
Westerns.
From
1914
to
1924
he
was
supreme
and
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unchallenged. It was Hart who created the basic
formula
of
the
Western
film,
and
devised
the
protagonist he played in every film he made, the
good-bad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or
the
honest
but
framed
cowboy,
or
the
sheriff
made
suspect
by
vicious
gossip;
in
short,
the
individual in conflict with himself and his frontier
environment.
Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood,
Hart actually 'knew something of the old West. He
had
lived
in
it
as
a
child
when
it
was
already
disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his
memories
and
experiences,
and
in
both
the
history and the mythology of the vanished frontier.
And
although
no
period
or
place
in
American
history
has
been
more
absurdly
romanticized,
myth
and
reality
did
join
hands
in
at
least
one
arena,
the
conflict
between
the
individual
and
encroaching civilization.

Men accustomed to struggling for survival against
the
elements
and
Indian
were
bewildered
by
politicians,
bankers
and
business-men,
and
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unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos. Hart's
good-bad
man
was
always
an
outsider,
always
one
of
the
disinherited,
and
if
he
found
it
necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along
the
way,
his
early
audiences
found
it
easy
to
understand and
forgive,
especially
when
it
was
Hart
who,
in
the
end, overcame the attacking Indians.
Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth
century found it pleasant to escape to a time when
life, though hard, was relatively simple. We still do;
living in a world in which undeclared aggression,
war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending
immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a
code to live by.


Lesson27

Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the
modern
world
?
Surely
because
progress
of
a
particular kind is actually taking place around us
and
is
becoming
more
and
more
manifest.
Although
mankind
has
undergone
no
general
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improvement
in
intelligence
or
morality,
it
has
made extraordinary progress the accumulation of
knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon
as
the
thoughts
of
one
individual
could
be
communicated
to
another
by
means
of
speech.
With the invention of writing, a great advance was
made,
for
knowledge
could
then
be
not
only
communicated
but
also
stored.
Libraries
made
education
possible,
and
education
in
its
turn
added
to
libraries:
the
growth
of
knowledge
followed a kind of compound-interest law, which
was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
All
this
was
comparatively
slow
until,
with
the
coming science, the tempo was suddenly raised.
Then
knowledge
began
to
be
accumulated
according
to
a
systematic
plan.
The
trickle
became a stream; the stream has now become a
torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is
acquired,
it
is
now
turned
to
practical
account.
What is called 'modern civilization' is not the result
of a balanced development of all man's nature,
but
of
accumulated
knowledge
applied
to
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practical life. The problem now facing humanity is:
What is going to be done with all this knowledge ?
As
is
so
often
pointed
out,
knowledge
is
a
two-edged weapon which can be used equally for
good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for
both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more
grimly
whimsical
than
that
of
gunners
using
science
to
shatter
men's
bodies
while,
close
at
hand, surgeons use it to restore them ? We have
to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if
this
twofold
use
of
knowledge,
with
its
ever-increasing power, continues.


Lesson28

No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort
of flight; the varieties are infinite, but two classes
may be roughly seen. Any ship that crosses the
pacific
is
accompanied
for
many
days
by
the
smaller albatross, which may keep company with
the vessel for an hour without visible or more than
occasional movement of wing. The currents of air
that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as
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