英语中的逻辑词汇
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英语中的逻辑词汇草稿
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2010-12-07 20:13:34
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语言学有一基本观点:英语讲逻辑,汉语讲感觉。还有个说法就是英 语是形合,汉语是意连。也
就是说不管是在口头上抑或是书面语中,英语表达特别注重逻辑。
所 以英语中体现其特有的鲜明
的逻辑思维词汇便是其中的明证。从目前的高考英语考试中
,我们不 难看出出题人就是想凸显英
语的这一语言特点
,
考查逻辑词汇
:
单项 选择直接考查
;
阅读理解间接考查
;
书面表达应用考查。
句子层面, 段落层面以及篇章都成了出题人设题的切入点。
10
年安徽卷的完形填空就是一个例
子 。因此,学习中抓逻辑词汇也是一个必不可少的环节。下面就高中阶段所涉及到一些比较重要
的表示逻辑 关系的小词分述如下
,I
.时间:
since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime,
meanwhile, at the same time, in the beginning, at first, originally, initially,
simultaneously
,
once,
the moment, hardly...when...
23. Jim want to answer the phone. ___ , Harry started to prepared lunch. (10
辽宁高考)
A. However
B. Nevertheless
C. Besides
D. Meanwhile
__3_ I was a little apprehensive.
I thought that they would not agree to stop or if they did that
they might ask me for more money.
4
, I received the kind of care and concern that was
simply overwhelming.
3 A. First
B. From the beginning
C. In the beginning
D. First of all
4 A. Besides
B. What's worse
C. Instead
D. What's more
题解:考查表时间的过渡词,根据语境可知此处表示起初有一种担心,但后来则不存在了。
fi rst
用于事物的罗列;
first of all
用于加强语气,表示
“
最重要的是
”
;
in the beginning
和
at first
同
义,即
“
起初,开始的时候
”
;
from the beginning
意思是
“
从头开始
”
。(
C
)正确
有上文
“
I was a little apprehensive”
和下文
“received the kind of care and concern that was
simply ove
rwhelm ing”
可知事实与作者担心的完全相反。故选(
C
)
II
.列举:对一类事物举出具体的例子。通常表现为前面是复数或者抽象的概念,后面是这个概
念中的一个或几个事物
firstly, secondly, finally; next, last
;
for example/instance, such as
;
some…others…still
others
;
for one thing, for another
;
in the first place
一、区分
for instance/example
和
such as.
前者往往是举
“
事
”
(做什么或谁做什么),后者是举
“< br>物
”
(什么东西)
;举事往往与前文用逗号分开,甚至另起一句再排阵势;举物 则多结合在一起,
当然也可分开。
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people
involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.
31
.[
A
]
as to
[
B
]
for instance
[
C
]
in particular
[
D
]
such as
题解:前为复数
cases
案件
,
后为单数
trial
审判
,
后者是对前者的列举,是一个名词短语 代表的
“
物
”
,故选
D
。
However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be
wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters
with many student- written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book
discussion clubs.
28. A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense
题解:前为复数
activities
活动,后为对活动的列举,与前文 逗号分开,且为
“
事
”
(做什么),故
C
。
The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals
20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
20.
[
A
]
similar to
[
B
]
such as
[
C
]
along with
[
D
]
aside from
题解:后面
“
烟味
”
是前文
“
紧急信号
”
之一种,故
B
。< br>
二
、
such as
有两种用法
。
Such A as B
及
A such as B.
如
such teachers as Tom
,
teachers such
as Tom
,都是对的。
.Such poets as Shakespeare ___ widely read
,
of whose works
,
however
,
some ___ difficult to
understand
.【
10
四川卷
,15
】
A
.
are
;
are B
.
is
;
is C
.
are
;
is D
.
is
:
are
【答
案】
A
【解析】
考查主谓一致。主句中的主语应为
poets,
谓语动词用复数,其后的非限制性定语从句
的主语应为
some of whose works
,谓语动词也应是复数。故选
A
。
III
:让步:
though, although, even though/when/if, in spite of, despite, given, as, while, no
matter..., whether...or..., whatever
【注意几个特殊的词】
一、
Though
和
a lthough
一般做
“
虽然
”
,引导从句,也就是重心是在主句< br>“
但是
”
上。但有时这两
个词都可说成
“
但是
”
,反而是意思的核心
Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess
vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the
50. (A) nevertheless
(B) therefore
(C) moreover
(D) meanwhile
题解:空格前后是逗号,说明考的句 间关系。本句说的是很多人相信吃得多些比较好,要看前一
句来决定是因果还是转折等。前一句说获取足 够的维他命对生命来说是重要的,
although
过了
没有用。如果前面主句是重心 ,则
50
该选
C
,构成因果关系。而根据上下文,其实重心已转移
到 了
although
从句,
although
应该说成
“
但 是
”
,这样与下句是反的,选
A
。
Though
更是另有绝用,让人大跌眼镜。
In fact
,
5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it.
5.
[
A
]
anyway
[
B
]
though
[
C
]
instead
[
D
]
therefore
题解:首先要知道,两个逗号之间的连 接副词,表示的是与前一句之间的关系。由上文可知是转
折,此处似乎只有
though
能担此任
,
而它恰恰可以胜似无碍。它还可以放在一句的最后,同样表
示转折。
二、
given
看起来是个过去分词,但叛变了,多作介词用,
given that
还可跟从句,所表示的逻
辑关系,可顺可反,顺的请看下面
“
因果< br>”
中的表现,此处单表反的,即相当于
“
虽然有
”
。
Given all the disadvantages, he managed to win.
虽有各种不利,他还是争取到成功。
IV
.转折
:
but, however, yet
;
nevertheless, nonetheless
;
instead, instead of
;
not…but, rather
than
;
fortunately, unfortunately
;
in fact; anywayanyhow