初中英语 时态讲解:现在完成时

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2021年01月19日 22:49
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非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词

2021年1月19日发(作者:郑肇经)
时态讲解:现在完成时

1
)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一 动作对现在造成
的影响和结果。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的
结果或影响
。< br>

My daughter has just gone out.
我女儿刚出去。


I’m sure we’ve met before.
我肯定我们以前见过面。


She has arrived.
她到了。

2
)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状 态,往往和包括现在在
内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如
recently, already, just, lately, for…,
since…,yet
等。如:

I haven’t heard from her these days.

这些日子我没有收到她的信。




We haven’t seen you recently.

最近我们没有见到你。

They have been away for two years.

他们离开已经两年了。








She has been with us since Monday.
3

.
现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内
重复发生的动作
.

We have had four texts this semester.

6. have been to

have gone to
的区别

have been to
强调

去过

,现已不在那里,如:

He has been to the USA three times.
他到美国去过三次。
(过去

到美国

,现在已

不在美国



have gone to
主要强调的是

去了

,现在人不在说话的现场,如:

--Where's your mother? --
你妈妈在哪?

--She has gone to the hospital. --
她去医院了。




结构

1.< br>肯定句:主语
+have/has+
动词的过去分词
+
其他

2.
否定句:主语
+have/has+not+
动词的过去分词
+
其他

3.
一般疑问句:
have/has+
主语
+
动词的过去分词
+
其他




Yes,
主语
+have/has.


No ,
主语
+have/has+not
4.
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
+ have/has+
主语
+
动词的过去分词
+
其他




常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语

注意
:.
现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,
(
如表示过去的时间状语


yesterday(morning

afternoon),last(mo rning

afternoon)
等,
除非与
for, since
连用
.
1.
现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用


already
(肯定)
, yet
(否定,
疑问)
, just, before, recently, still, lately

Just,

already,

yet,

ever,

never,

before,

twice(
重复性时间
)


for+
短时间,

since+
点时间,

so far,

how long
提问的疑问句中
.......



He has already obtained a scholarship.



I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).



We have seen that film before.



Have they found the missing child yet ?
2.
现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用
,



ever, never, twice, several times

:



Have you ever been to Beijing



I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.



I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.



George has met that gentleman several times.
3.
现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用
,



up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now),
so far

:



Peter has written six papers so far.



Up to the present everything has been successful.




当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必
须使用延续性 动词。
如果谓语动词是非延续性动词则转化为对应的延
续性动词。


若不是和短时间连用,则不用转化。

英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,
使用中应注意两者的区别。

1.
持续性动词
:
表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。

常见的
study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit,
stand, lie, keep
等。

2.
瞬间性动词
:

表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。

常见的
--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear,
stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up,
set out, put on, get on/off


3.
瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常用意思相
当的 持续性动词来替换

He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.


他参军已有
3
年了。

不用
has joined



She has been up for quite some time.

(她起床已有好久了。)不用
has got up






Has your brother been away from home for a long time?
(离家已有好久了吗?)不用
has left


常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系:

1

go

be away


2

come

be here


3

come back

be back


4

leave

be away

be not here


5

buy

have






6

borrow

keep





7

die
——
be dead







8

begin
——
be on


9

finish

be over



10

open
——
be open


11

close
——
be
closed




12

lose
——
be lost


13

get to know

know




14

turn on

be on



15

get up
——
be up


16

sit down

sit/beseated


17

join

be in


)或
be a…member




18

become

be
4.
瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用

例如:
I haven’t seen you for a long time.
(好久没见到你了。)










区别下面三组词

Have been to
表示去过某地方,不过现在已经回来

Have gone to
表示去了,还未回来

Have been in
表示一直在某个地方



五现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态,其结果的确和现在有联系。
动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在;而一般过去时表示过去 的事实,
不表示和现在的关系。




I have just been to London. I went there last month.
我刚去过伦敦,是上个月去的。




1.
过 去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完
成时为过去发生的,强调过去的 事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。





2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,
而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,
或无时间状语 。




一般过去时的时间状语
:



yesterday, last week

…ago, in1980, in October, just now,
具体的时间状语





共同的时间状语
:


this morning, tonight, this April, now, once

before, already, recently

lately




现在完成时的时间状语




for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,




现在完成时的反义疑问句的结构

主语
+have/has+
动词过去分词
+
其他,

have/has+not+
主语

主语
+have/has+not+
动词过去分词
+
其他,


have/has+
主语





现在完成时考点例析

一、考查其构成


助动词
have (has) +
动词过去分词

构成现在完成时。如:

1. Kate's never seen Chinese films

____ ?
A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she
析 :陈述句部分含否定词
never,
简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因
Kate's
Kate has
的缩写,故选
B


2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (
改为否定句
)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.

析:
already
常用 在肯定句中,
yet
常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填
hasn't, yet


3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents.
A. has B. had C. did D. have
析:


/

/
情态动词
+主语

结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一
致,又后句的主语为
her parents
是复数
,
故选
D


二、考查其用法与标志词

(

)
当句中有
never, ever, just, already, yet, before
等时,常用现在完成时。如:

1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball?

-______you______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish
B. Are; finishing
C. Did; finish
D. Have; finished
2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed
B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Did; surf; have surfed
D. Have; surfed; have surfed
析:据
yet

before< br>可知
,
应用现在完成时,故
1
题选
D

2< br>题选
D


(

)
当句中有

段时间



点时间

等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词
(


)
。如:

1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.


A. after
B. before
C. since
D. for
析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选
C


2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.

A. has lent
B. has borrowed
C. has bought
D. has had
析:
A

B

C
均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表

段时间

的短语连用,故选
D


3. I______a letter from him since he left.


A. didn't receive
B. haven't got
C. didn't have
D. haven't heard
析:据
since
可知,应排除< br>A

C


意为

收到某人的来信
,故选
B


三、考查
have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)
的区别
。如:

1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?

-Yes, I have.


A. went to
B. gone to
C. been in
D. been to
析:据句中的
have
,排除
A

B
项意为

去某地了


C
项意为

一 直呆在某地


D
项意为

去过某地

,符合题 意,故选
D


2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.


A. have been in
B. have been to
C. have gone to
D. have been
析:本题句中有

段时间

结构,据此可排除
C

B
项意为

去过某地

,不合题
意,
D
项缺介词,故选
A


四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。
如:

1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(
改成正确的句子
)
析:非延续性动词与

段时间
连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外,
还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型< br>
段时间
+since+
从句

进行句子转换


答案为:
Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's
ten years since Sun's aunt went there.

2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(
改为同义句
)

________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.

析:据上题分析,且
since
引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填
It is, since, came


3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.


A. lost
B. don't lose
C. have lost
D. is coming


因我丢了票的动作发生在过去

而 且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果

符合现在完成时所表示的含意,故选
C


11.
动词的时态




11.1
一般现在时的用法


1)
经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。



时间状语:

every…, sometimes,

at…, on Sunday



I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2)
客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。



The earth moves around the sun.


Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3)
表示格言或警句中。



Pride goes before a fall.

骄者必败。





注意:
此用法如果 出现在宾语从句中,
即使主句是过去时,
从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:
Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。



I don’t want so much.



Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:
Now I put the sugar in the cup.



I am doing my homework now.




第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明 的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如:
Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.
第二句中的
now
是进行时的标志,
表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。



11.1
一般现在时的用法




1)
经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。



时间状语:

ever
y…, sometimes,

at…, on Sunday



I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2)
客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。



The earth moves around the sun.


Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3)
表示格言或警句中。



Pride goes before a fall.

骄者必败。





注意:
此用法如果 出现在宾语从句中,
即使主句是过去时,
从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:
Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。



I don’t want so much.



Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:
Now I put the sugar in the cup.



I am doing my homework now.




第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明 的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如:
Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.
第二句中的
now
是进行时的标志,
表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2
一般过去时的用法




1
)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。



时间状语有:
yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982
等。



Where did you go just now?

2
)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。



When I was a child, I often played football in the street.


Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.







3
)句型:



It is time for sb. to do sth




……
时间了





……




It is time sb. did sth.
时间已迟了




早该
……




It is time for you to go to bed.


你该睡觉了。



It is time you went to bed.



你早该睡觉了。



would (had) rather sb. did sth.

表示

宁愿某人做某事




I’d rather you came tomorrow.


4) wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。


I thought you might have some.
我以为你想要一些。


比较:



一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。


Christine was an invalid all her life.





(
含义:她已不在人间。
)

Christine has been an invalid all her life.




(
含义:她现在还活着
)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.



(
含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。
)

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

(
含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去
)




注意:

用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

1
)动词
want, hope, wonder, think, intend
等。




Did you want anything else?



I wondered if you could help me.
2
)情态动词

could, would.



Could you lend me your bike?


11.3 used to / be used to





used to + do


过 去常常

表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。



Mother used not to be so forgetful.






Scarf used to take a walk.


(
过去常常散步
)




be used to + doing



……已感到习惯,


习惯于


to
是介词,
后需加名词或动名词。



He is used to a vegetarian diet.






Scarf is used to taking a walk.(
现在习惯于散步
)

典型例题




---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
----
It’s 69568442.








A. didn’t


B. couldn’t

C. don’t

D. can’t



答案
A.
本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看

出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动
作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。

11.4
一般将来时




1)

shall
用于第一人称,常被
will
所代替。



will
在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。



Which paragraph shall I read first.


Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2)

be going to +
不定式,表示将来。



a.
主语的意图,即将做某事。




What are you going to do tomorrow?


b.
计划,安排要发生的事。




The play is going to be produced next month




c.
有迹象要发生的事




Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)


be +
不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。




We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)

be about to +
不定式,意为马上做某事。



He is about to leave for Beijing.


注意:
be about to
不能与
tomorrow, next week
等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。



11.5 be going to / will



用于条件句时,

be going to

表将来









will

表意愿



If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.



Now
if
you
will
take
off
your
clothes,
we
will
fit
the
new
clothes
on
you
in
front
of
the
mirror.


11.6 be to

be going to

非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词


非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词


非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词


非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词


非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词


非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词


非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词


非主流姓名-晚秋的歌词