空间日志-刘德华回家的路

2021年1月20日发(作者：范儒生)
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别


限制性定语从句提供有关主语 或宾语的重要信息，
起限定作用，
与被修
饰部分的关系紧密，如果省略该从句会使主句 语义表达不完整。例如：

This is the very person
that

is wanted by the police
.

He is the man
who /that lives next door
.

It was a meeting
whose importance I did not realize at the time
.

非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明，
与先行词关
系比较松散，先 行词与从句间可以用逗号隔开，从句可略去：

He
will
not
be
able
to
spend
the
holiday
with
his
family,
which

is
a
big
annoyance to him.

The
minister
,
who

is
to
visit
our
university
,
is
said
to
be
a
Qinghua
University graduate.

The book
,
which

your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore
,
is very useful
in improving your spoken English.

The businessman
,
whose

suitcase has been found by a stranger
,
has left for
Beijing.

如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词
(my,
his,
etc)
或形容词性指示代词
(this,
that,
etc)
作限定词的名词词组，其后的定语从
句通常为非限制性的。例如：

The
Thames
, which is now clean enough to swim in
,
was polluted for over
a hundred years.

My
mother
, who

has been on a visit to Australia
,
will fly back tomorrow.

All of
these
books,
which

have been donated by visiting professors
,
are to
be used by the children in Hope School.

限制性定语从句的先行词只能 是名词，
代词或名词性词组，
而非限制性
定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外 ，
还可能是句子的一部分或是
整个句子。例如：

They say he plays truant,
which

he doesn’t
.
[which
指代
plays truant]

The meeting was put off till next month,
as

we hoped
. [as
指前面的句子
]

下面的表格归纳了前面已提到的两者不同之处：

表一：
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别



限制性定语从句

1
．
提供确定或限定主句中某个名词的信
息。

2
．由深层嵌入句派生而来。

3
．
无分隔定语从句和主句 和停顿或特殊
标点符号（逗号
/
插入语
/
破折号）
。

4
．不可以修饰整个命题，只修饰一个名
词。

5
．可 使用
that
和
who(m),which
等关系
代词。

6
．不常用来修饰专有名词。

7
．可修饰带有
any
或
every
等类属限定
词的中心名词。

非限制性定语从句

1
．提供对确定主句中某个名词的非主要附
加信息。

2
．由两个独立的深层嵌入句派生而来。

3
．书面语中用逗号，口 语中用特殊的停顿
和降低声调来把定语从句和主句分隔开来。

4
．可以修饰一个中心名词，或以评价的形
式修饰整个命题。

5< br>．
That
不能当作关系代词，只可用
wh-
代
词。

6
．既可修饰普通名词，也可修饰专有名词。

7
．不可修饰带有
any
或
every
等类属限定
词的中心名词。



定语从句中的关系代词


3.2.1
关系代词
that, which, who
在定语从句中做主语

在限制性定语从句中，
who
或
that
用于指人，
that
或
which
用于指物，
它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略 。例如：

He is the man
who/that

lives here
.
[
不能说：
×He is the man who he lives
here.]

The bag
which
／
that

has been put there for a long time
belongs to Wang
Hong
．


3.2.2 who(m), which, that
在定语从句中作宾语

表示人的时候用
who(m)
或
that,
它们在从句中代替名词 性宾语或宾格
代词，作定语从句宾语的
whom/that
通常可以省略，在口语中常 用
who
代
替

whom
。例如：

He’s the man
whom
/
that

I met
.

There are some people here
who

I want you to meet.

表示动物和东西的时候应用
which/that:

The
pieces
of
music
(
that
)

he
has
composed

are
sung
by
many
pop
singers.

Taxes consist of money (
that
)
people pay to support their government
.

They’re the postcards
which

I sent from America
.


3.2.3

who(m), which
或

that
作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。

定语从句的介词的位置非常重要，我们可以说：

He is the person
to whom

I wrote
.
[
非常正式用法
] (
但不可以说：
×to
who).

或：
He is the
person

who
(
m
)

I wrote to
. /He is the person (
whom
)
I wrote
to
.

This is the pan
in which

I boiled the milk
.
[
非常正式用法
]

或：
This is the
pan

which

I boiled the milk in
. / This is the pan (
that/which
)
I
boiled the milk in
.


3.2.4

whose +
名词

关系代词
whose
是既可用于限制性定语从句，
也 可用于非限制性定语从
句，在从句中作定语，一般用来指人，代替所有格形容词（
my, his, your, her,
its
等）
，在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或 单数、复数的变化；有时也可
指物，指物时可以用
of which
代替。例如：


The professor
whose

daughter teaches you English

is Dr. Williams.


The
bicycle
whose

brake
was
damaged

has
now
been
repaired.
=The
bicycle, the
brake

of which

was damaged
, has now been repaired.

Edison is a great inventor
whose

fame

is world-wide
.


3.2.5

that
的用法

1
、
t hat
只用于限制性定语从句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主语或
宾语。
（见< br>3.2.1
、
）


2
、当先行词是
all
，
much
，
little,
the
one,
anything,
something,
nothing,
everything, none
等不定代词时，关系代词只用
that
。例如：

There is little

that can be done about it
.

That's all

that

I knew about it
.

Is there
anything

that

I can do for you

Have you done
everything

that

is assigned to you

3
、先行词被形容词最高级以及
first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very
等词修饰时，关系代词只用
that
。
例如：

It is
the most interesting film
that

I’ve
ever read
.

The
best thing

that

he could do at present
is to leave.

This is the
first time

that

he has been there
.

She is the
only one

that

has finished her task on time
.

At the very beginning, we have just too
much

work

that needs to be done
.

4
、在
there be
句型中，只用
that,
不用
which
。
例如：

There are
some people
that

I’d like to introduce to you
.

There is
a very interesting story
that

every child would like to listen to
.

5
、先行词既有人，又有物时，用
that
。
例如：

A victim is a
person, animal or thing

that

suffers pain, death, harm, etc
.

The

man
and
his
dog
that
were
napping
outside
the
room

were
photographed by the journalist.

6
、在
“It
is
+
名词

+
定语从句
that
。
例如：

It
is always the mouth which talks too much
that incurs troubles
.
（
言多必
失。
）

It
is only a man who is quite experienced
that

can fulfill this task
.

3.2.6

which
的用法

1
、
which
一般只用于指物
(a)
，有时也用来指性别不明的婴儿
(b)。
例如：

a: The
tiles
which

fell off the roof
caused serious damage.

b: The
baby

which

the nurse has just brought in

is John’s child.

2
、
如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面，< br>只能用
which
，
不能用
that
。
例如：

This is the
house

in which

she spent her childhood.

The
agency

from which

we bought our tickets

is bankrupt.

3
、引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指物替代名词词组。
例如：

This
book
,
which

has only been reviewed
,
was published a year ago.

4
、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：

The meeting has been put off till next Friday,

which
is good news to them
.

(
指代整个主句
)

She said
that her son would become a scientist
,
which
we thought possible.
(
指代
that
分句
)

She is
very attentive in class
,
which
he rarely is. (
指代整个短语
)


3.2.7

as
的用法

1
、
as
引导限制性定语 从句时，
常与
such
或
the same
连用，
构成
the same…as;
1
+
定语从句
2
”
的强调结构中，从句
2
要用

s
uch…as
结构，
as
用于代替指人或物的先行词
。例如：< br>
I have never eaten
such
tasty foods
as

she cooked me
.

Such
books

as

there were on the shelf
interested us.

I have got into
the same
trouble
as

he (has)
.

试比较

the same…as
和

the same…that
：

This is
the same book

as

I read last week
.
（
这和我上周读的那本书是一
样的。
）

This is
the same
book
that

I read last year
.

（这就是我上周读的那本
书。
）

如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别，例如：

She told me
the same story
as/that

she had told you
.

I had
the same difficulty
that/as

you had last year
.

在
as
／
so…as
结构中，后面的
as
也是关系代词，例如：

We took
as
many men

as

could be permitted to attend the meeting
.

You can stay here
as

long

as

you like
.

Things do not go on
as

smoothly

as

we hoped
.

2
、引导非限制性定语从句

关系代词
as
引导非限制性定 语从句时，用于代替整个主句，意思是
“
正
如
”
，

相当于

and

this
或

and that
。
as
从句位置较之
which
引导的非限制
性定 语从句更加灵活，因而
as
从句既可以指前面提到的内容，也可以指后
面将要提到的内 容，
which
一般在主句后。例如：




As

is
mentioned
abov
e
,
this
method
aims
at
improving
the
students’
ability in a more effective way.

The test is cancelled,
as

you have hoped
.

The test,
as

you have hoped
, is cancelled.

A semiconductor material,
as

the name indicates
, has poorer conductivity
than a conductor.


▲< br>注
：
as
代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一
致，而且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词
只能用
which .
例如：

He failed to pass the exam again,
as is predicted.

He failed to pass the exam again,
which

annoyed his mother greatly.

记住以下的
as
结构：

as is known to all (
众所周知
)
，
as is often the case (
情况常常如此
)
，
as the
name Indicates
／
suggests (
顾名思义
)
，
as may be imagined (
可以想象得出
)
，
as often happens

(
这种情况常常发生
)
，
as has been said before (
如前所述
)
，
as has been pointed out (
正如已经指出的
)
，
as will be shown in (
将在
…
中指
出
)
，
as is hoped

(
正如所希望的
)


3.2.8

but
的用法

but
用作关系代词相当于
who…not
，
which…not
，
that…not
。
but
既可指
人，
也可指物，
常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。
but
本 身含
“
否定
”
的意思，
它前面的主句通常有
“
否定
”
的词
,
如：
(no
，
not
，

little
，
few
，
hardly
等
). but
引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：

There is
no mother

but

loves her own children.
(=There is no mother that
／
who does not love her own children.)[
主语
]

There is
scarcely a good movie

but he has seen.
(=that he has not seen).
[
宾语
]

There is
never a friend

but he remembers the birthday of.
[
介词宾语
]

Who is there
but

commits errors
[but
间或也可用在疑问句后
]

There is
no
man
but

errs
. =There is no man who does not err. [
主语
]

What he saw in
those
places
but

was not miserable
（
but=which was not
）
(< br>他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。
)[
主语
]

There are very
few
but

admire his talents.
（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。
But=who don’t
）
[
主语
]

but
结构有时可省略。例如：

(There is)
No
rule
but

has exceptions
.

(There are
）
Few
books
but

have a misprint or two
.



3.2.9

than
的用法

关系代词
than
一般用于含有比较级的 句子中，兼有连词和代词的性质。
例如：

You spent
more money

than

was intended to be spent
.


She has done much
more

work

than

was required of her
.

The question is
more complicated

than

appears on the surface
.



介词

+
关系代词


“
介词

+
关系代词”
引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，又可以
是非限制性定语从句，
“介词
+
关系代词
”
在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定
语等，介词的选择则要根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、
动词等的搭配
关系来决定，同时还应 该考虑句子在上下文中要表达的意思。


3.3.1“
介词

+

which
／
whom
／
whose”

这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如：

The
problem

with which

I have trouble
has now been solved.

Oil
,
of
which

there
are
several
different
types
,

is
used
for
many
purposes by countries all over the world.

The man,
because of whose

help the murderer was caught by the police
,
is coming to our school tomorrow.

介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定语从句正式，因此多用于书面语当中，但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将
介词后置，
或在 介词后置后用

that
（
人、
物）
／
who（人）
代替

which
／
whom
，
并且< br>that
可省略。例如；

Can you lend me
a pen or pencil

with which

I can write

Can you lend me
a pen or pencil

that
/
which

I can write

with

Can you lend me
a pen or pencil
(
that
)
I can write

with

Who is the
man

to whom

you were talking

Who is the
man

whom
/
that
/
who

you were talking to

Who is the
man
(
that
)
you were talking

to

如果介词过长，则不适于后置，例如：

Sound
is
a
tool
,
by
means
of
which

people
communicate
with
each
other
.

We
may
be
caught
by
a
fire
,
in
case
of
which

we
must
find
ways
to
escape
.


3.3.2“
名词

+
介词

+ which
／
whom”
引导的定语从句

He referred to a
person

the name of whom

slipped by memory at that
moment
.

We had a
discussion

the purpose of which

was to find a solution to this
problem
.

在非限定性定语从句中，
of which
／
whom
可用来修饰不定代词

all, each,
one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several, the
latter, the former
等。
练习时，
应该判断填空的部分为主句的定语从句还是与
主句 并列的成分。例如：

We have interviewed more than 50
students
,
only a few of whom

gave
satisfactory answers to our questions.
[
定语从句
]

We have interviewed more than 50 students,
but

only a few of
them
gave
satisfactory answers to our questions.
[
并列
]

Many
people

came
to
her
graduation
party,
most
of

whom

were
her
former classmates.
[
定语从句
]

Many people came to her graduation party,
and
most of
them
were her
former classmates. [
并列
]

There are 32
students
in our class, up to
20 of whom

are from the south.

[
定语从句
]


3.3.4

“
介词

+ which +
名词
”
引导的定语从句

which
是一个代表所有关系的 关系代词，可用来代表一个名词／代词或
句子的一部分，
但更多地是来代表整个句子。
其中的名词通常是一个抽象名
词，如
case, fact, state, time, point
等。例如：

Water boils at
l00
℃
,
at which

temperature it changes into gas
.

He was about to leave,
at which moment I came back home
.

Wei Hua spent
four years
in the United States,
during which
period
she
studied law
.

Reader's
Digest
,

to
which

we
have
just
subscribed
,

has
an
enormous
circulation.


定语从句中的关系副词


关系副词引导的定语从句（限制性／非限制性）在 从句中作状语，意思
相当于
“
介词
+which”
，常见的引导定语 从句的关系副词有：
where,
when
和
why
等，不常见的 如表示时间的关系副词：
since, after
和
before
。


3.4.1
关系副词

where
（
= at, in which
）引导表示地点的定语从句

This is the
place

where

he’d most like to live the rest of his life
.

空间日志-刘德华回家的路

空间日志-刘德华回家的路

空间日志-刘德华回家的路

空间日志-刘德华回家的路

空间日志-刘德华回家的路

空间日志-刘德华回家的路

空间日志-刘德华回家的路

空间日志-刘德华回家的路