黑白女生头像-

2021年1月20日发(作者：荣晋)
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2012
考研英语（一）真题参考答案


















Section
Ⅰ

Use of English


Directions:


Read
the
following
text.
Choose
the
best
word(s)
for
each
numbered
blank
and
mark
[A],
[B],
[C]
or
[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)


The
ethical
judgments
of
the
Supreme
Court
justices
became
an
important
issue
recently.
The
court
cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several
instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court
’
s reputation for being independent and impartial
。



Justices
Antonin
Scalia
and
Samuel
Alito
Jr.,
for
example,
appeared
at
political
events.
That
kind
of
activity makes it less likely that the court
’
s decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem
is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to
the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the federal judiciary
。



This and other cases ______the question of whether there is still a _____ between the court and politics
。



The
framers
of
the
Constitution
envisioned
law____
having
authority
apart
from
politics.
They
gave
justices
permanent
positions
____
they
would
be
free
to
____those
in
power
and
have
no
need
to_____
political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so
closely _____
。



Constitutional
law
is
political
because
it
results
from
choices
rooted
in
fundamental
social
______like
liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _____is inescapably political
—

which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____ as unjust
。



The justices must _____doubts about the court
’
s legitimacy by making themselves _____to the code of
conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____, convincing
as law
。



1 A emphasizeB maintainC modifyD recognize 2 A whenB bestC beforeD unles

3 A renderedB weakenedC establishedD eliminated


4 A challengedB compromisedC suspectedD accepted 5. A advancedB caught C boundD founded
6.
A
resistantB
subjectC
immuneD
prone
7.
A
resortsB
sticksC
leadsD
applies
8.
A
evadeB
raiseC
denyD settle 9. A lineB barrier C similarity D conflict 10. A byB asC throughD towards 11.
A soB sinceC providedD though 12. A serveB satisfyC upsetD replace 13. A confirm B express
C cultivate D offer 14 A guardedB followedC studiedD tied


15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes
D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploitC addressD
ignore 19. A accessibleB. amiableC agreeable D accountable20. A by all meansB at all costsC
in a wordD as a result


Section
Ⅱ
Reading Comprehension


Part A
Directions:


Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
below
each
text
by
choosing
[A],
[B],
[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)


Text 2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour,
yet it is pervasive in our young girls
’
lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but
it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also
repeatedly
and
firmly
fused
girls
’
identity
to
appearance.
Then
it
presents
that
connection,
.
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even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.
Looking
around,
despaired
at
the
singular
lack
of
imagination
about
girls
’
lives
and
interests
。



Girls'
attraction
to
pink
may
seem
unavoidable,
somehow
encoded
in
their
DNA,
but
according
to
Jo
Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the
early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,
since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's m
ore, both boys and girls wore what
were thought of as gender- neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was
actually considered the
more masculine
colour, a pastel version
of red,
which
was associated
with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness,
symbolised
femininity.
It
was
not
until
the
mid-1980s,
when
amplifying
age
and
sex
differences
became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it
began
to
seem
innately
attractive
to
girls,
part
of
what
defined
them
as
female,
at
least
for
the first few critical years
。



I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is
natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the
toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into
children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood
consumerism,
it
was
popularised
as
a
marketing
gimmick
by
clothing
manufacturers
in
the
1930s
。



Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they
should create a
only after
developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a
sure-fire way to
boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify
gender differences
–
or invent them where they did not previously exist
。



26 By saying
，
the author means pink _______
。



A should not be the sole representation of girlhood


B should not be associated with girls' innocence


C cannot explain girls' lack of imagination


D cannot influence girls' lives and interests


27 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?


A Colors are encoded in girls' DNA

B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls



C Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders


D White is preferred by babies


28
The
author
suggests
that
our
perception
of
children's
psychological
devotement
was
much
influenced by ________
。



[A] the marketing of products for children[B] the observation of children's nature


[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption


29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________
。



A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothes


B attach equal importance to different genders


C classify consumers into smaller groups
D create some common shoppers' terms


30. it can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____
。



A
clearly
explained
by
their
inborn
tendency
B
fully
understood
by
clothing
manufacturers


C
mainly
imposed
by
profit-driven
businessmenD
well
interpreted
by
psychological
experts


Part B
Directions:
.
精品文档



For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them
into
the
numbered
boxes
to
form
a
coherent
text.
Paragraph
E
has
been
correctly
placed.
There
is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
( 10 points)


Part C Directions:


Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 points)


Section
Ⅲ
Writing
Part A
51. Directions:


You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do
not
sign
your
own
name
at
the
end
of
the
notice.
Use

Association
instead.
( 10 points)


Part B


52. Directions:


Write
an
essay
of
160-200
words
based
on
the
following
drawing.
In
your
essay,
you
should


describe the picture briefly,explain its intended meaning, and
give your comments
。



You should write neatly on answer sheet 2.


2012
年全国硕士

研究生入学考试英语试题
National Entrance Test of English for
MA/MSCandidates (NETEM)
跨考英语教研室—杨凤芝
Section
Ⅰ
Use of English

Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank


and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)


The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue


recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of


law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances,


justices acted in ways that_____ the court
’
s reputation for being independent


and impartial
。



Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at


political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court
’
s


decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that


the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court


should make itself_______ to the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the


federal judiciary
。



This and other cases ______the question of whether there is still a _____


between the court and politics
。



The framers of the Constitution envisioned law____ having authority apart


from politics. They gave justices permanent positions ____ they would be free


to ____those in power and have no need to_____ political support. Our legal


system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are


so closely _____
。



Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in


fundamental social ______like liberty and property. When the court deals with


social policy decisions, the law it ____is inescapably political
—
which


is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____ as unjust
。



The justices must _____doubts about the court
’
s legitimacy by making


themselves _____to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more


likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____, convincing as law
。

.
精品文档



1 A emphasize B maintain C modify D recognize 2 A when B best C before D unless


3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated


4
A
challenged
B
compromised
C
suspected
D
accepted
5.
A
advanced
B
caught
C
bound
D
founded
6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone 7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies 8. A evade
B raise C deny D settle 9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict 10. A by B as C through
D towards 11. A so B since C provided D though 12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace 13.
A confirm B express C cultivate D offer 14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied


15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes
D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address
D
ignore
19.
A
accessible
B.
amiable
C
agreeable
D
accountable20.
A
by
all
means
B
at
all
costs
C in a word D as a result


Section
Ⅱ
Reading ComprehensionPart A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by


choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)


Text 2


Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the


colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls
’
lives. It is not that pink


intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may


celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls
’



identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year- olds,


between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence
。



Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls
’



lives and interests
。



Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA,


but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies,


it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th


century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a


practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil


them.
What's
more,
both
boys
and
girls
wore
what
were
thought
of
as
gender-neutral
dresses.
When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually


considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was


associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary,


constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the


mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant


children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it


began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female,


at least for the first few critical years
。



I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception


of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological


development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts


developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out,


according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was


popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s
。



Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase
.
精品文档



sales, they should create a


older kids' clothes. It was only after


term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting



kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to


boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to


magnify gender differences
–
or invent them where they did not previously exist
。



26 By saying
，
the author means pink _______
。



A should not be the sole representation of girlhood


B should not be associated with girls' innocence


C cannot explain girls' lack of imagination


D cannot influence girls' lives and interests


27 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?


A Colors are encoded in girls' DNA
B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls


C Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders
D White is preferred by babies


28 The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological


devotement was much influenced by ________
。



[A] the marketing of products for children
[B] the observation of children's nature


[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption


29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________
。



A
focuses on infant
wear and older kids'
clothes
B attach
equal importance to
different
genders


C classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers' terms


30. it can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____
。



A
clearly
explained
by
their
inborn
tendencyB
fully
understood
by
clothing
manufacturers


C
mainly
imposed
by
profit-driven
businessmenD
well
interpreted
by
psychological
experts


Part B


Directions:


For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list


A-G and fill them into thenumbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph


E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with



the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)


Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments


into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.


( 10 points)


Section
Ⅲ
Writing

Part A


51. Directions:


You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use


Association


Part B


52. Directions:


Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your


essay,you should
.
精品文档



1) describe the picture briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and


3) give your comments
。
You should write neatly on answer sheet 2.
1.B

2.A

3.B

4.D

5.C6.B

7.D

8.B

9.A

10.B
11.A

12.C

13.C

14.D

15.A16.C

17.A

18.C

19.D

20.D
21.D

22.D

23.A

24.C

25.D26.C

27.A

28.A

29.B

30.B
31.A

32.D

33.B

34.D

35.D36.C

37.D

38.B

39.A

40.A
41.C

42.D

43.A

44.F

45.G
46.
在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且 导找到一种万能的理论
---
一条我们都可以
看的见，明白的普遍公式。
< br>47.
在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则，如果所有的人类都有共同的起源，那么文化差异 能够追
寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。

48.
从我们的共同特征中过滤 独特性能够使我们明白文化行为的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认
知方面指导我们人类。

49
、其实，由约书亚格林伯说，将更多的经验主义用在了普遍性上，验证许多语言所共有的特 点，这些
特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成的偏见。

50.
乔姆斯基的 语法应该表现了语言更改的模式，是通过独立的家谱或由它所跟踪的路径，而通过性预
测的特定类型间的 合作关系。

Part A
ions
：

Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store
the other day. Write and email to the customer service center to
1) make a complaint
，

and
2) demand a prompt solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.

参考范文：

Dear Mr./Miss
：

This letter is a complaint concerning the electronic dictionary I bought from your online store the other day.
Two weeks ago I mailed the money that ordered and soon received the electronic dictionary. I followed the
instructions attached with it. Instead I cannot get it started anyway. After changed the battery inside several
times in vain
，

I totally gave it up.
I
wrote
to
your
company
expecting
a
prompt
solution
to
this
problem.
I
would
hope
that
you
could
do
something to give me a satisfactory feedback. And I will appreciate it very much if you put a strict test on these
electronic dictionaries
，

thus stop the continuing complaints and suffers of other comtomers.
Sincerely Yours
，

Zhang Wei

2012
年考研英语真题：作文题目及范文



作文一些外国留学生将要来你的大学，以学生会的名义给他们写一封
email,


1.
表示你的欢迎


2.
为他们在这里的校园生活提供一些建议



请写
100< br>个字左右，请不要在信的末尾写你的名字，用笔名代替，不要写地址。



范文



亲爱的同学们，



首先请允许我代表我校的各位领导老师及同学们对你们的到来表示热烈的欢迎，
欢迎来到我校学习和生活。

.
精品文档

不同国家的校园生活有所不同，为了使你们的生活更加舒适，
下面我将介绍一些在我校生活的一些建议。



首先，
在中国不可以直呼老师的名字，
因为中国是一个礼仪之邦，
中国人用称呼表达对老师的尊重。



其次，
希望你们珍惜在中国 学习的时间，
主动增加与中国人交流的机会，
这样既能提高你们的汉语
水平，也能了解 中国的文化。



最后，如果你们在生活和学习上遇到困难，及时与我们沟通。祝你们在中国的留学生活愉快
!


学生会



Dear
students,


First
of
all,
allow
me,
on
behalf
of
the
leaders
of
our
school
teachers
and
students
are
warmly
welcome
to
come
to
you,
welcome
to
our
school
and
life.


Campus
life
is
different
in
different
countries,
in
order
to
make
your
life
more
comfortable,
the
f
ollowing
I
will
describe
some
of
the
proposals
in
my
school
life.


First
of
all,
cannot
call
the
teacher's
name
in
China,
because
China
is
a
ritual
of
ceremony,
Chin
ese
used
to
call
the
expression
of
respect
for
teachers.


Secondly, I hope you cherish the time studying in China, take the initiative to increase opportunities for
interaction with Chinese people, so that both can improve your Chinese language level, can understand
Chinese culture.


Finally, if you encounter difficulty in living and learning, to communicate with us in a timely
you to study abroad in China live in interesting times!


Student Union

作文
2
：




这幅漫画象征性的描述了一个倒在地上的瓶子，
一些牛奶洒了出来。在这个瓶子的旁边站着两个人，
一个垂头丧气的说
“
全完了
!”
，而另一个则说
“
幸好还剩点儿
!”
。这幅画所表达的内容既意义深远又发人
深省。



这幅漫画的目的是告诉我们在生活、
工作和学 习中遇到挫折时，
不同的人持有不同的态度。
积极乐
观的人总是能够发掘事情好的一面 ，
而消极悲观的人总是为他失去的东西伤心抱怨。
总之，
一个人的态
度能够决 定他的成败。



在我看来，
我们应该向那个积极乐观的人学习。
在生活中无论遇到什么样的困难，
我们都应该用积
极乐观的态度来面对。只有这样，我 们才能取得成功。



This cartoon token describes a bottle that fell to the ground, some milk spilled out. The bottle stands next
to two people, a dejected saying
。

The contents
expressed in the painting is both meaningful and thought-provoking.


This cartoon is designed to tell us to live, work and learning are down, you, different people hold different
attitudes. Optimistic people can always discover what's good side, and negative and pessimistic people always
losing things sad for him to complain. In short, a person's attitudes can make or break him.
In my opinion, we should learn from the positive and optimistic man. No matter what difficulties she met
in life, we should use a positive and optimistic attitude to face. Only in this way, we can be successful.
.
精品文档

法硕联盟

是由北京大学、中国人民大学、中国政法大学、清华大学、西南
政法大学等高校在读法律硕士学 长创办的网站。自
2007
年成立以来，以在读学长多、法硕信息多、
vip
会员分数高等优势享誉全国，特别是论坛法硕考前押题更是被全国法硕考生奉为考前必看资料（
2012
被媒体报道）。加入付费
vip
会员
=
权威名师课程
+在读学长答疑
+
考前绝密预测。
2012
年论坛直接与中
国最权 威考研类图书出版社
--
高等教育出版社合作出版《
2013
年法律硕士历年 真题及答案详解》一书，
旨在打造最好的法硕真题图书，该书未出版即本广大法硕战友抢先预定。




我们一直用心在做，我们会竭力做得更好！

2011
年考研英语一真题及答案

Section I Use of English
Directions:
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.”
But
-
-
-
_____some
claims
to
the
contrary,
laughing
probably
has
little
influence
on
physical
filness Laughter does _____short- term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,
____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good
laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
____,
instead
of
straining
muscles
to
build
them,
as
exercise
does,
laughter
apparently
accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological ,the
act
of
laughing
probably
does
produce
other
types
of
______feedback,that
improve
an
individual’s
emotional
state.
______one
classical
theory
of
emotion,our
feelings
are
pa
rtially
rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do
not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular
an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.
1
．
[A]among

[B]except

[C]despite

[D]like
2
．
[A]reflect

[B]demand

[C]indicate

[D]produce
3
．
[A]stabilizing

[B]boosting

[C]impairing

[D]determining
4
．
[A]transmit

[B]sustain

[C]evaluate

[D]observe
5
．
[A]measurable

[B]manageable

[C]affordable

[D]renewable
6
．
[A]In turn

[B]In fact

[C]In addition

[D]In brief
7
．
[A]opposite

[B]impossible

[C]average

[D]expected
8
．
[A]hardens

[B]weakens

[C]tightens

[D]relaxes
9
．
[A]aggravate

[B]generate

[C]moderate

[D]enhance
10
．
[A]physical


[B]mentl

[C]subconscious

[D]internal
11
．
[A]Except for

[B]According to

[C]Due to

[D]As for
12
．
[A]with

[B]on

[C]in

[D]at
13
．
[A]unless

[B]until

C]if

[D]because
14
．
[A]exhausts

[B]follows

[C]precedes

[D]suppresses
15
．
[A]into

[B]from

[C]towards

[D]beyond
16
．
[A]fetch

[B]bite

[C]pick

[D]hold
17
．
[A]disappointed

[B]excited

[C]joyful

[D]indifferent
18
．
[A]adapted

[B]catered

[C]turned

[D]reacted
19
．
[A]suggesting

[B]requiring

[C]mentioning

[D]supposing
20
．
[A]Eventually

[B]Consequently

[C]Similarly

[D]Conversely
.
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Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],
[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director
has
been
the
talk
of
the
classical-music
world
ever
since
the
sudden
announcement
of
his
appointment
in
2009.
For
the
most
part,
the
response
has
been
favorable,
to
say
the
least.
“Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober
-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is
comparatively little know
n. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the
Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”
As
a
description
of
the
next
music
director
of
an
orchestra
that
has
hitherto
been
led
by
musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some
Times readers as faint praise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be
sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me
to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do
is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from
iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are
missing
the
point.
For
the
time,
attention,
and
money
of
the
art-loving
public,
classical
instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and
museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th
century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic
quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of
the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a
crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not
yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a
classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic
into
“a
markedly
different,
more
vibrant
organization.”
But
what
will
be
the
nature
of
that
difference? Merely
expanding the orchestra’s repertoire
will not
be enough.
If Gilbert
and the
Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between Amer
ica’s oldest
orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has

[A]incurred criticism.



[B]raised suspicion.


[C]received acclaim.


[D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

[A]influential.


[B]modest.


[C]respectable.


[D]talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.


[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
.
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[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.
[C]They help improve the quality of music.



[D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels

[A]doubtful.

[B]enthusiastic.


[C]confident.

[D]puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president
of Bank of America in August, his explanation
was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came
right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his
ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the
first
time
with
the
board
of
Hartford
Financial
Services
Group,
which
named
him
CEO
and
chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect
on what kind of
company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.
And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit
with
the
explanation
that
they
were
looking
for
a
CEO
post.
As
boards
scrutinize
succession
plans in
response to
shareholder pressure, executives who don’t
get
the
nod also
may wish
to
move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague
pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make
the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as
nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy
picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years
executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are
the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a
single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

Those
who
jumped
without
a
job
haven’t
alw
ays
landed
in
top
positions
quickly.
Ellen
Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year
before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left
Citigroup
in
2005
with
ambitions
to
be
a
CEO.
He
finally
took
that
post
at
a
major
financial
institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has
made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s
safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The
people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”

26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being
[A]arrogant.

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered.

[D]impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by

[A]their expectation of better financial status.

[B]their need to reflect on their private life.
[C]their strained relations with the boards.




[D]their pursuit of new career goals.
28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means

[A]approved of.

[B]attended to.

[C]hunted for.


[D]guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.
[C]top performers care more about reputations.
[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

.
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30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A]CEOs: Where to Go?
















[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?
[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net






[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer.
W
hile traditional “paid” media –
such as television commercials and print advertisements
–
still
play
a
major
role,
companies
today
can
exploit
many
alternative
forms
of
media.
Consumers
passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e
-mail alerts about products
and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad
range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid
and
owned
media
are
controlled
by
marketers
promoting
their
own
products.
For
earned m
edia , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one
marketer’s
owned
media
become
another
marketer’s
paid
media
–

for
instance,
when
an
e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media
whose
traffic
is
so
strong
that
other
organizations
place
their
content
or
e-commerce
engines
within
that
environment.
This
trend
,which
we
believe
is
still
in
its
infancy,
effectively
began
with
retailers
and
travel
providers
such
as
airlines
and
hotels
and
will
no
doubt
go
further.
Johnson
&
Johnson,
for
example,
has
created
BabyCenter,
a
stand-alone
media
property
that
promotes
complementary
and
even
competitive
products.
Besides
generating
income,
the
presence
of
other
marketers
makes
the
site
seem
objective,
gives
companies
opportunities
to
learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand
user traffic for all companies concerned.
The
same
dramatic
technological
changes
that
have
provided
marketers
with
more
(and
more
diverse)
communications
choices
have
also
increased
the
risk
that
passionate
consumers
will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked
media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,
other
stakeholders,
or
activists
who
make
negative
allegations
about
a
brand
or
product.
Members
of
social
networks,
for
instance,
are
learning
that
they
can
hijack
media
to
apply
pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If
that
happens,
passionate
consumers
would
try
to
persuade
others
to
boycott
products,
putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may
not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for
example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively
quick and well-orchestrated social- media response campaign, which included efforts to engage
with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
ers may create “earned” media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

[B] inspired by product- promoting e-mails sent to them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment.







[B] random competition.

[C] strong user traffic.
















[D] flexibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media
[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.

.
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[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.

[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.
[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.
34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.







[D] Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love
My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –
nothing gets people talking like the
suggestion
that
child
rearing
is
anything
less
than
a
completely
fulfilling,
life-enriching
experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior
suggests
we
need
to
redefine
happiness:
instead
of
thinking
of
it
as
something
that
can
be
measured by moment-to- moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.
Even though the day-to- day experience of raising kids can be soul- crushingly hard, Senior writes
that
“the
very
things
that
in
the
moment
dampen
our
moods
can
later
be
sources
of
intense
gratification and delight.”

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is
hardly the only
Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive
–
and newly single
–

mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”
news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom- to-be, smiling on the
newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you
regret
having
children
is
equivalent
to
admitting
you
support
kitten-
killing
?
It
doesn’t
seem
quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents
rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are
bothered
with
the
message
that
children
are
the
single
most
important
thing
in
the
world:
obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of
course,
the
image
of
parenthood
that
celebrity
magazines
like
Us
Weekly
and
People
present
is
hugely
unrealistic,
especially
when
the
parents
are
single
mothers
like
Bullock.
According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single
parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid
without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own”
(read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want chi
ldren just because Reese
and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But
it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress
-free, happiness-enhancing
parenthood aren’t in some small, subcon
scious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with
the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might
make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
er Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring
[A]temporary delight















[B]enjoyment in progress
[C]happiness in retrospect











[D]lasting reward
.
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learn from Paragraph 2 that
[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.
[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
[D]having children is highly valued by the public.
is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks
[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.








[B]are largely ignored by the media.
[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.




[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.
ing to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is
[A]soothing


.[B]ambiguous.

[C]compensatory.

[D]misleading.
of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.
[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.
[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
Part B
Directions:

The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required
to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them
into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A]
No
disciplines
have
seized
on
professionalism
with
as
much
enthusiasm
as
the
humanities.
You
can,
Mr
Menand
points
out,
became
a
lawyer
in
three
years
and
a
medical
doctor in
four. But the regular time it takes to
get
a doctoral
degree in the humanities is
nine
years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their
degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.
These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major
in
business
compared
with
only
2%
in
history
and
4%
in
English.
However,
many
leading
American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas
that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general
education” should look like.

At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because
they have been read”
-they form a sort of social glue.
[C]
Equally
unsurprisingly,
only
about
half
end
up
with
professorships
for
which
they
entered
graduate
school.
There
are
simply
too
few
posts.
This
is
partly
because
universities
continue
to
produce
ever
more
PhDs.
But
fewer
students
want
to
study
humanities
subjects:
English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970
-71 than they did 20 years later.
Fewer
students
requires
fewer
teachers.
So,
at
the
end
of
a
decade
of
theses-writing,
many
humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across
the
insistence
by
top
American
universities
that
liberal-arts
educations
and
professional
education
should
be
kept
separate,
taught
in
different
schools.
Many
students
experience
both
varieties.
Although
more
than
half
of
Harvard
undergraduates
end
up
in
law,
medicine
or
business,
future
doctors
and
lawyers
must
study
a
non-specialist
liberal-arts
degree
before
embarking on a professional qualification.
.
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[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities
have
professionalised
the
professor.
The
growth
in
public
money
for
academic
research
has
speeded
the
process:
federal
research
grants
rose
fourfold
between
1960and
1990,
but
faculty
teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of
a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of
American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr
Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a par
ticular specialization are transmissible
but
not
transferable.”So
disciplines
acquire
a
monopoly
not
just
over
the
production
of
knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F]
The
key
to
reforming
higher
education,
concludes
Mr
Menand,
is
to
alter
the
way
in
which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think
dangerously
alike,
increasingly
detached
from
the
societies
which
they
study,
investigate
and
criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least i
n some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and
more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.

[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance
in
the
American
University
should
be
read
by
every
student
thinking
of
applying
to
take
a
doctoral
degree.
They
may
then
decide
to
go
elsewhere.
For
something
curious
has
been
happening
in
American
Universities,
and
Louis
Menand,
a
professor
of
English
at
Harvard
University, captured it skillfully.
G
→

41.
→

42.
→
E
→

43.
→

44.
→
45.

Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With
its
theme
that
“Mind
is
the
master
weaver,”
creating
our
inner
character
and
outer
circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is
an in-depth
exploration of the
central idea of self- help writing.
(46) Allen’s
contribution was to take an assumption we all share
-that because we are not
robots
we
therefore
control
our
thoughts-and
reveal
its
erroneous
nature.
Because
most
of
us
believe
that
mind
is
separate
from
matter,
we
think
that
thoughts
can
be
hidden
and
made
powerless;
this
allows
us
to
think
one
way
and
act
another.
However,
Allen
believed
that
the
unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be
able
to
sustain
the
illusion
of
control
through
the
conscious
mind
alone,
in
reality
we
are
continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”

Since
desire
and
will
are
damaged
by
the
presence
of
thoughts
that
do
not
accord
with
desire,
Allen
concluded
:
“
We
do
not
attract
what
we
want,
but
what
we
are.”
Achievement
happens because you as a person e
mbody the external achievement; you don’t “ get
”

success but
become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person,
they
reveal
him.”
(48)
This
seems
a
justification
for
neglect
of
those
in
need,
and
a
rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at
the bottom.
This
,however,
would
be
a
knee-jerk
reaction
to
a
subtle
argument.
Each
set
of
circumstances,
however
bad,
offers
a
unique
opportunity
for
growth.
If
circumstances
always
determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat,
.
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(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have
been
“wronged”
then
we
are
unlikely
to
begin
a
conscious
effort
to
escape
from
our
situation .Nevertheless,
as
any
biographer
knows,
a
person’s
early
life
and
its
conditions
are
often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen’s book
is that we have no one else to blame for our present
condition
except
ourselves.
(50)
The
upside
is
the
possibilities
contained
in
knowing
that
everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become
authorities of what is possible.
Section
Ⅲ

Writing
Part A
51. Directions:

Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1) recommend one of your favorite movies and
2) give reasons for your recommendation
Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own
name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.

Do not writer the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:

Write
an
essay
of
160--- 200
words
based
on
the
following
drawing.
In
your
essay,
you
should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain it’
s intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

.
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附阅读
Part A
翻译：

译文

1
2009
年纽约交响乐团突 然宣布聘用艾伦•吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成
为古典音乐界的话题 。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼•托姆西尼就
这样写：从长 时间来看，这次委命是英明的。

然而，
这次任命还是令人意外。
原因之一在 于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。
就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西
尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺 乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。作为对这个很牛的管弦乐队（牛的表现：到
目前为止一直被牛人领导 着）
下一任指挥家的描述，
这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，
确实会令至少一部分泰晤士报
的读者觉得愕然不解（让他们觉得不可思议）
。

就我的观点而言，我不知道 吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。
可以确信的是，虽然他演 出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问
Avery Fisher Hall
（可能是
纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所）
，或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐 。
（作者意思是，不需要听吉
.
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尔伯特，到处可以听到 有趣的管弦乐。
）我所做的，只需要到我的
CD
棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从
ITUNES
上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。

对于 唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。他们显然忽视了一个要点。为了替音乐
爱 好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场所进行竞争，还要在记录这些行为的媒介上竞争。记在唱片上的表演比现场表演更便宜，更易得，甚至质量更好。而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由 听
者选择。因此，这种唱片的广泛应用，给传统音乐会带来了生存危机。

一个可能的 应对方式
（解决办法）
是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从唱片上听不到的曲子。
吉尔 伯特在新
音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，
这已广被人知：
如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔 伯特描述成一个可以扭转交响乐方
向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了一个明显不同的更有活力的天地。但是 ，这种“不同”的实质是什么呢？仅仅扩
展交响乐的节目是不够的。
吉尔伯特和交响乐要想取得 成功，
必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的
听众之间的关系。

译文

2
当列姆•麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释确实令人 意外。与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，
他直率地说，
他离开是为了找一家公司当管理者，而那是他一向就有的追求。
他说，
作出这一选择纯属个人原因。
两周之内，他与哈 佛财务服务集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在
9
月
29
日聘他担任< br>CEO
。

麦克杰说，
他离开时并没有确定的目标，
这使他得 以思考自己究竟想管理什么样的公司。
这同时也可以让他
向外界展示自己的魄力。无独有偶（并 不只有他才有这种雄心）
。最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第
二执行官都离开自己的 公司，他们的解释都是想当
CEO
。由于股东施压，董事会需要审查继承人方案，还没有
被准许离开的这几位执行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。
商业环境复杂异常，
这使得高级经理 人员不愿用模糊的
声明来损害自己的名声。

随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望 离任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。根据“登记册”研究机构
的报告，在第三季度，
CEO
营业额从一年前开始下降了
23%
，把那些紧跟在这些领导人身后的董事会也弄得神< br>经兮兮。由于经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。

放弃高级职位去寻找更好的 职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见。多年来，执行官和猎头们都坚持
认为，最好的
C EO
候选人需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）
。某某猎头说，当 董
事会还没有委托我先去找一个还在任上的
CEO
时，我不能去考虑那些我在网上一搜 就有的人。

那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很快找到理想岗位。十年前爱伦•马拉姆从
T
公司领导人的位子上退
下，也是为了当一个
CEO
。一年前她才成 为一家小型电子交易所的领导人。罗伯特在
2005
年为了当
CEO
而离开，他最终在一家重要的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。

许多招聘人表示，
对于那些最好的演员来说，
旧的耻辱正在淡忘。
财务危机使得在两个工作机会之间进行选择或者离开更坏的工作这样的行为变得可以接受。
“传统规则是，最好呆在你原来的地方，但现在这 种规则被从
根本上颠覆了。
”

一个猎头说，
“在一个地方呆得越久，就越容易受损。
”

译文
3
在过去，销售成功的基本法则是：种瓜得瓜，一分耕耘一分收获。现在不同了 。传统的付出方式（媒介，指
企业付钱给电视台做广告或者报社做报刊广告）
——电视购物和印 刷广告——虽然仍占主要地位，
但是现在的企
业可以开发出更多的替代这些媒介的形式。
对产品有热情的用户可能通过给在自己网站上注册的顾客发关于产品
和商品的电邮的提醒，
来 建立自己的媒介。
这样用户现在接近了广阔的媒介因素，
这些因素超越了传统的付费媒
介。

付费并占有的媒介，是被想促销自己产品的商人控制的。而对于白捡的媒介（免费的媒介 报道）而言，这种
商人的角色仅是作为响应用户需求的第一环（直接面对用户的不是他们）
。但 是在一些案例中，一个商人拥有的
媒介成为另一个商人的付费媒介
（但有时候，
促销产 品的商人也直接面对用户，
即把别人占有的媒介暂时变成自
己占有的媒介）
。例如，当 一个电子商务零售商在自己的网站上出售广告空间时，就是如此。我们把这种出售的
媒介定义为拥有的媒 介。这种（出售空间式的）拥有的媒介是如此强大普遍，以致于其他团体把他们的希望（满
意；内容；电 子商务发动机）寄托在这种环境中。这种（寄托）趋势虽然依然在婴儿期，但我们相信这种从零售
商和旅 行提供商（如航空公司、旅馆）有效起步的趋势会越来越强劲。例如强生建立了一个婴儿中心，这是一种
杰出的媒介资产，可用于推销提升配套产品，包括那些有竞争力的产品。除了带来利润，除了由于其他商人的到< br>.
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场可以使这个地方显得客观可信，
以及给各个公司有机 会了解有关其他公司需求的有价值的信息，
还能有利于拓
展所有公司都关心的用户交易。

这类戏剧性的技术革新给商人带来数量越来越多
（种类也越来越多）
的通信机会的 同时，
也同样会提高风险。
因为热情的用户会更快、更形象、更有破坏力地表达自己的反对，这 种被绑架的媒介，与上述的免费利用的媒介
背道而驰（不是商人所希望出现的）
。此时，媒介就 像人质一样，成为敌人可用的财产或者发起的一次行动（敌
人有用户、其他竞争对手、对某商标或产品向 来没有好话的社会活动家）
。例如，社会网络中的成员正在意识到
他们可以绑架媒介，来对建立 媒介的那些商人施加压力。

如果这种事情发生了，热情的用户就会努力劝说其他人抵制产品， 使得目标公司声名处于危险之中。此时，
公司的反应往往不会足够快，
也不会足够理性，
学习曲线将会变得很陡
（学习曲线是表示单位产品生产时间与所
生产的产品总数量之间的关系 的一条曲线。一般情况下，产品总量越大，单个产品生产时间越短。也可以表示工
人一定时间所犯错误数 量与练习时间的关系，
一般练习时间越长，
单位时间内错误越少。
这里的曲线陡时大约 表
示相同产量规模下，
现在比原来单个产品所消耗的资源更多，
或者说相同练习程度下 ，
一定时间错误更多。
总之，
是比原来更糟糕了）
。例如丰田汽车，今年早些 时候通过相对来说较快和精心策划的行动从车辆召回危机中把损
尽量降下来，丰田的行动包括努力请用户 进土威特这样的地方，挖掘社会新闻的利用等等。

译文

4
毫无 疑问，作为有煸动性的杂志封面故事，詹尼弗西尼尔的深刻见解——“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我目前
的 生活状况”——可以唤起人们的谈兴。可是，人们不会想到，养孩子可不是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情。西尼尔并没有简单地说，孩子使得父母既快乐又痛苦。她建议，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该像过 去
那样被定义为由一个个瞬间的快乐组合而成的东西；
我们应该把幸福视为一种过去的状态。< br>尽管抚养孩子的日子
漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是西尼尔认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后 却给我们带来由衷的欣喜。

杂志封面上一位有魅力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，
这种 圣母与圣子的图画这周在报摊上可不止西尼尔这一
起。
例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲— —有时是刚变成单身母亲的人——桑德拉布鲁克，
以及那种很常见
的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了” 的新闻。实际上，每周都有至少一位名流母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。

在一个坚持不 懈地倡导生育的社会中，
承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己赞同谋杀宠物猫，
这难道不< br>值得反思吗？把父母亲的后悔与孩子的后悔相提并论
（可能指把作为孩子家长的那种辛苦产生的悔 恨理解为根源
出在孩子身上，从而产生关于生下孩子的后悔）
，这显然并不合理。
（因 此）不情愿养孩子的父母很少会反思自己
是否应该养育孩子。
但是那不幸福的无孩子的人却为类 似
“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”
这样的信息所烦恼。
显然，他们的不幸必须通过 生儿育女才能得以消除。

当然，在美国周刊与人这样的杂志上所提供的“社会名流父母亲”现 象是不切实际的。特别是当“父母亲”
是布鲁克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。
多项研究表明，< br>有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，
而单亲家庭
中的家长烦愁尤甚。这并不奇怪 ，因为一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了。然而，你看看桑德拉和布列尼说的话：
自己“一个人”养孩子， 其实非常简单。
（她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围人全天候的帮助下养着孩子
的。）

当然，
要说很多人傻头傻脑地生育孩子，
只是因为里斯和安格丽娜这 种名流使这种行为看上去显得诱人，
这
也是不可能的——多数成年人其实理解：
养孩子 可不是像做个发型那么简单。
但是这确实是一件很有趣的值得反
思的事情：我们每周看的“轻松 快乐做父母”的杂志封面，并不是通过潜意识的方式里让我们对（没有孩子的）
现实经历不满，
而是这些图片在潜意识中让我们有那种想成为雷切尔的心理，
但实际上却使得我们看上去有点像
詹尼弗亚尼斯顿。
（大约指雷切尔养孩子显得潇洒，而詹尼弗生养孩子显得狼狈。
）

2010
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I

Use of English
Directions:
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial
experiments
at
a
large
telephone-parts
factory
called
the
Hawthorne
Plant
near
Chicago.
It
hoped
they
would
learn
how
stop-floor
lighting
大
1
家

workers'
productivity.
Instead,
the
studies
ended

大
2
家

.
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giving their name to the
大
3
家

to being
experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.
The idea arose because of the
大
4
家

behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to
大
5
家

of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was
dimmed.
It
did
not
大
6
家

what
was
done
in
the
experiment;
大
7
家
something
was
changed,
productivity rose. A(n)
大
8
家

that they were being experimented upon seemed to be
大
9
家

to alter
workers' behavior
大
10
家
itself.
After
several
decades,
the
same
data
were
大
11
家

to
econometric
the
analysis.
Hawthorne
experiments has another surprise store
大
12
家
the descriptions on record, no systematic
大
13
家

was
found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It
turns
out
that
peculiar
way
of
conducting
the
experiments
may
be
have
let
to
大
14
家

interpretation of what happed.
大
15
家
, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started
again on Monday, output
大
16
家
rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17



to rise for the
next
couple
of
days.
大
18
家
,
a
comparison
with
data
for
weeks
when
there
was
no
experimentation
showed that output always went up on Monday, workers
大
19
家

to be diligent for the first few days of
the week in any case, before
大
20
家

a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged

1.
[A] affected
[B] achieved
[C] extracted[D] restored
2.
[A] at
[B] up
[C] with [D] off
3.
[A] truth
[B] sight
[C] act
[D] proof
4.
[A] controversial [B] perplexing
[C] mischievous
[D] ambiguous
5.
[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6.
[A] conclude[B] matter
[C] indicate
[D] work
7.
[A] as far as [B] for fear that
[C] in case that
[D] so long as
8.
[A] awareness
10. [A] about
[B] expectation
[C] sentiment
[D] illusion
9.
[A] suitable
[B] excessive
11. [A] compared
.
[C] enough
[D] abundant
[D] conveyed
[B] for
[C] on
[D] by
[B] shown
[C] subjected
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12. [A] contrary to
[B] consistent with
[C] parallel with
[D] peculiar to
13. [A] evidence
[
B] guidance
[
C] implication
[D] source
14. [A] disputable
[B] enlightening
[C] reliable
[D] misleading
[D] suddenly
15. [A] In contrast
[B] For example
[C] In consequence
[D] As usual
16. [A] duly
[
B] accidentally
[C] unpredictably
17. [A] failed
[B] ceased
[C] started
[D] continued
20. [A] breaking
[B] climbing
[C] surpassing
[D] hitting

Section II
R
eading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of
all
the
changes
that
have
taken
place
in
English- language
newspapers
during
the
past
quarter-century,
perhaps
the
most
far-reaching
has
been
the
inexorable
decline
in
the
scope
and
seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a
time
when
high- quality
arts
criticism
could
be
found
in
most
big-city
newspapers.
Yet
a
considerable
number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in
large
part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents
were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between
the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and
stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off
days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the
events
they
covered.
Theirs
was
a
serious
business,
and
even
those
reviewers
who
wore
their
learning
lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.
These
men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few
authors
have
brains
enough
or
literary
gift
enough
to
keep
their
own
end
up
in
journalism,”
Newman
wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a te
rm of contempt applied by writers who are not
read to writers who are.’”

Unfortunately,
these
critics
are
virtually
forgotten.
Neville
Cardus,
who
wrote
for
the
Manchester
Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on
the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical
-music
critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted
in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast
body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is
there
any
chance
that
Cardus’s
criticism
will
enjoy
a
revival?
The
prospect
seems
remote.
Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly
upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism
has been in headlong retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
.
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[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes.

[B] casual style.

[C] elaborate layout.

[D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days





[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism







[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.
received one for its
for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents,
which
have
been
controversial
ever
since
they
were
first
authorized
10
years
ago.
In
a
move
that
has
intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit
said it would use a
particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known ,
is

very
big
deal
says
Dennis
D.
Crouch
of
the
University
of
Missouri
School
of
law.
It

the
potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.
Curbs on business- method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit
itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving
a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method
patent
filings,
initially
by
emerging
internet
companies
trying
to
stake
out
exclusive
rights
to
specific
types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if
only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court
filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the
legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents
for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The
Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges,
rather
than
a
typical
panel
of
three,
and
that
one
issue
it
wants
to
evaluate
is
whether
it
should

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court
.
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that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled
that
too
many
patents
were
being
upheld
for

that
are
obvious.
The
judges
on
the
Federal
circuit
are

to
the
anti-patent
trend
at
the
Supreme
Court
says
Harold
C.
Wegner,
a
patent
attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to business











[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting




[D] the controversy over authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions

[B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit

[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word
[A] loss of good will







[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude







[D] enhancement of dignity
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business- method patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges








[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders





[D] increase the incidence of risks
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large
part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually
informed,
persuasive,
or
well-connected.
The
idea
is
intuitively
compelling,
but
it
doesn't
explain
how
ideas actually spread.
The
supposed
importance
of
influentials
derives
from
a
plausible
sounding
but
largely
untested
theory called the
and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if
they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.
The
theory
also
seems
to
explain
the
sudden
and
unexpected
popularity
of
certain
looks,
brands,
or
neighborhoods. In many such cases,
a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people
was
wearing,
promoting,
or
developing
whatever
it
is
before
anyone
else
paid
attention.
Anecdotal
evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have
far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of
all.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception
of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey
—
whose
outsize presence is
primarily a function of media, not
interpersonal, influence
—
even the most influential
members of a population simply don't
interact
with
that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow
theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a
.
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social
epidemic
to
occur,
however,
each
person
so
affected,
must
then
influence
his
or
her
own
acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to
each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees
removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant,
for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building
on
the
basic
truth
about
interpersonal
influence,
the
researchers
studied
the
dynamics
of
populations
manipulating
a
number
of
variables
relating
of
populations,
manipulating
a
number
of
variables
relating
to
people's
ability
to
influence
others
and
their
tendency
to
be
influenced.
Our
work
shows that the principal requirement for what we call
–
the widespread propagation of
influence through networks
–

is
the presence not of a few influentials
but,
rather, of a critical
mass
of
easily
influenced
people,
each
of
whom
adopts,
say,
a
look
or
a
brand
after
being
exposed
to
a
single
adopting
neighbor.
Regardless
of
how
influential
an
individual
is
locally,
he
or
she
can
exert
global
influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32. The author suggests that the
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34. The underlined phrase
[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others


[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A] The eagerness to be accepted












[B] The impulse to influence others
[C] The readiness to be influenced












[D] The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers
have
been
blaming
themselves
for
their
troubles
in
public.
Behind
the
scenes,
they
have
been
taking
aim
at
someone
else:
the
accounting
standard-setters.
Their
rules,
moan
the
banks,
have
forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets
at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the
independence
of
standard-setters,
essential
to
the
proper
functioning
of
capital
markets,
is
being
compromised.
And,
unless
banks
carry
toxic
assets
at
prices
that
attract
buyers,
reviving
the
banking
system will be difficult.
.
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After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and
more
flexibility
in
recognizing
losses
on
long-term
assets
in
their
income
statement.
Bob
Herz,
the
FASB's
chairman,
cried
out
against
those
who

our
motives.
Yet
bank
shares
rose
and
the
changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls
European ministers instantly demanded that the
International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when
it
completes
it
reconstruction
of
rules
later
this
year
is
strong.
Charlie
McCreevy,
a
European
commissioner, warned the IASB that it did
Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they
argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,
not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below
their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of
banks which will not
sell assets
for fear of booking losses,
yet
are
reluctant
to
buy
all those supposed
bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to
buy
up
toxic
assets
will
not
work
unless
banks
mark
assets
to
levels
which
buyers
find
attractive.
Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have
been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options
and pensions, for example, against hostility from
special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules




[B] collect payments from third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers










[D] reevaluate some of their assets.
37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A] the diminishing role of management






[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks' long-term asset losses









[D] the weakening of its independence
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences.





[B] evade the pressure from their peers.
[C] act on their own in rule- setting.









[D] take gradual measures in reform.
39. The author thinks the banks were
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators



[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.

[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A] satisfaction.

[B] skepticism.

[C] objectiveness

[D] sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the
numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph
which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A]
The
first
and
more
important
is
the
consumer's
growing
preference
for
eating
out;
the
.
精品文档

consumption
of
food
and
drink
in
places
other
than
homes
has
risen
from
about
32
percent
of
total
consumption
in
1995
to
35
percent
in
2000
and
is
expected
to
approach
38
percent
by
2005.
This
development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across
Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming
large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at
home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European
grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,
with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in
their
own
backyard:
the
wholesale
food
and
drink
trade,
which
appears
to
be
just
the
kind
of
market
retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?
Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In
other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will
ultimately
be
acclaimed
by
an
ever-growing
number
of
both
domestic
and
international
consumers,
regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their
scale,
existing
infrastructure
and
proven
skills
in
the
management
of
product
ranges,
logistics,
and
marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to
rake
in
substantial
profits
thereby.
At
least,
that
is
how
it
looks
as
a
whole.
Closer
inspection
reveals
important
differences
among
the
biggest
national
markets,
especially
in
their
customer
segments
and
wholesale structures, as
well as
the
competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big
retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling
in
which
their
particular
abilities
might
unseat
smaller
but
entrenched
competitors.
New
skills
and
unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E]
Despite
variations
in
detail,
wholesale
markets
in
the
countries
that
have
been
closely
examined
—
France,
Germany,
Italy,
and
Spain
—
are
made
out
of
the
same
building
blocks.
Demand
comes
mainly
from
two
sources:
independent
mom-and-pop
grocery
stores
which,
unlike
large
retail
chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers
when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional
catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as
cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the
retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F]
For
example,
wholesale
food
and
drink
sales
come
to
$$268
billion
in
France,
Germany,
Italy,
Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000
—
more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall
margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing
quickly
as
more
Europeans
eat
out
more
often;
and
changes
in
the
competitive
dynamics
of
this
fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G]
However,
none
of
these
requirements
should
deter
large
retailers
(and
even
some
large
good
producers
and
existing
wholesalers)
from
trying
their
hand,
for
those
that
master
the
intricacies
of
wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41





→
42





→
43






→
44





→


E
→
45
Part C
Directions:
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Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One
basic
weakness
in
a
conservation
system
based
wholly
on
economic
motives
is
that
most
members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic
community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When
one
of
these
noneconomic
categories
is
threatened
and,
if
we
happen
to
love
it .We
invert
excuses
to
give
it
economic
importance.
At
the
beginning
of
century
songbirds
were
supposed
to
be
disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that
insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in
order to be
valid.
It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at
least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless
of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A
parallel
situation
exists
in
respect
of
predatory
mammals
and
fish-eating
birds.
(48)
Time
was
when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by
killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they
grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to
pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is
ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest
community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.
(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack
commercial
value,
but
that
are
essential
to
its
healthy
functioning.
It
assumes,
falsely,
I
think,
that
the
economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
Section
Ⅲ

Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You
are
supposed
to
write
for
the
postgraduate
association
a
notice
to
recruit
volunteers
for
an
international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the
other information you think relative.
You
should
write
about
100
words.
Do
not
sign
your
own
name
at
the
end
of
the
letter.
Use

Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
2010
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

Section I: Use of English (10 points)
.
精品文档

1.
A
6.
B
11. C
16. A
2.

B

7.

D

12. A
17. D

3.

C

8.

A

13. A
18. C
4.
B
9.

C

14. D
19. B
5.
C
10. D

15. B
20. D
Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. B
26. D
31. B
36. A
22. C
27. D
32. D
37. D
23. D
28. C
33. A
38. C

24. A
29. B
34. C
39. B
25. A
30. A
35. C
40. A
Part B (10 points)

41. B
42. F
43. D
44. G
45. A
Part C (10 points)



46.
科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，
那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

47.
但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点 ：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生
物其固有的权利应该继续存在。

48.
曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎 物
的正常繁衍或

者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。

49.
在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分 ，
而得到合理的保护。



50.
这一系统易于忽视， 因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素
(
成员
)
，虽然这些要
素
(
成员
)
缺乏商业价值，但这些要素
(
成员
)
对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。

Section III: Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51.
参考范文



V
olunteers Wanted/Needed


An international conference on globalization will be held in the coming winter vacation. This
conference will be organized by the Postgraduates
’

Association
。



At present we will recruit 10 volunteers to work as assistants for this conference. The applicants
are required to speak English fluently. Those who can speak another foreign language such as French or
Japanese are preferable.
In addition
to
the language skills,
those volunteers are expected to
be patient,
helpful, open-minded with a loving heart. The volunteers will be provided free three meals a day as well
as transportation from and back to the conference site
。



Those
who
are
interested
in
working
as
volunteers,
please
send
your
resume
and
application
letter to the e-mail address postgraduateassociation@
Postgraduates
’

Association will contact those chosen candidates for an interview before Febulary, 1th
。



We are sincerely waiting for you to join us!
.
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Postgraduates
’

Association
Part B (20 points)
52.
参考范文



As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in the middle of the cartoon stands a hot pot, containing
many Chinese cultural symbols, such as Beijing operas, Daoism, and some foreigh cultural symbols, etc.
How impressive the drawing is in describing the common phenomenon that Chinese culture is becoming
increasingly integrated into the world. The drawer
’
s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the
meaning causes us to be thought-provoking
。



It holds to be apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive phenomenon with regard to
culture. When it comes to(
一谈到
) culture
，
its
great impacts and benefits can
’
t be too estimated. As
China opens to the outside world, our traditional culture is embracing the foreign culture, thus making our
Chinese culture more diversified, colorful and internationalized just like a melting pot. What the picture
conveys goes far beyond this. The fact
that people from
different
countries
are attracted to
each other,
indicating
that
to
some
extent
different
cultures
can
be
accepted
，
respected
，
appreciated
and
shared
internationally.
Or
put
it
in
another
way,
Chinese
unique
culture
can
become
international
through
worldwide
cultural
exchanges.
Since
the
trend
of
globalization
become
irresistible,
cultural
integration
can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship among different countries.


In
my
personal
sense,
Chinese
national
culture
as
priceless
spiritual
treasure
should
be
preserved and cherished. Meanwhile
，
there are good reasons to embrace foreign cultures on the ground
that those ideas from other cultures can provide different perspectives for us to observe the world in the
long
run.
However
，
confronted
with
a
different
culture
，
we
should
be
sensible
enough
to
absorb
its
essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural integration positively, thus
making our motherland dimensional, colorful and vigorous. (298 words)
2009
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语试题

Section I


Use of English
Directions:
Research
on
animal
intelligence
always
makes
me
wonder
just
how
smart
humans
are.

1


the
fruit-
fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who
were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly
2


to live shorter lives. This suggests that
3


bulbs
burn longer, that there is an
4




in not being too terrifically bright.



Intelligence, it
5



out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow
6



the starting line because it depends on learning
—
a gradual
7



—
instead of instinct. Plenty of other
species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to
8

.




Is there an adaptive value to
9



intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I lik
e it.
Instead of casting a wistful glance
10



at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.
-wise, it implicitly
asks what the real
11



of our own intelligence might be. This is
12


the mind of every animal I’ve
ever met.



Research
on

animal
intelligence
also
makes
me
wonder
what
experiments
animals
would
13


on
humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner,
14


, is running a small-scale study in operant
conditioning.
we
believe
that
15

animals
ran
the
labs,
they
would
test
us
to
16


the
limits
of
our
patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans
is really
17

, not merely how much of it there is.


18

, they would hope to study a
19


question:
Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?
20


the results are inconclusive.
.
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1. [A] Suppose


2. [A] tended




[B] Consider


[C] Observe



[B] feared

[D] Imagine
[C] happened






[D] threatened
3. [A] thinner

[B] stabler



[C] lighter








[D] dimmer
[D] puts forward
4. [A] tendency
[B] advantage


[C] inclination




[D] priority
5. [A] insists on


[B] sums up



[C] turns out




6. [A] off



[B] behind



[C] over




[B] doubt







[D] along

[D] think
7. [A] incredible


[B] spontaneous [C]inevitable






[D] gradual
8. [A] fight





9. [A] invisible


10.[A] upward


12. [A] outside


13. [A] deliver


15. [A] if



[C] stop





[B] limited



[C] indefinite





[D] different
[B] forward



[C] afterward






[D] backward
[B] influences



[B] on



[C] results





[D] costs






[C] by









[D] across
[D] for instance
11. [A] features




[B] carry




[C] perform







[D] apply
[C] as usual







[C] as









[D] lest
[D] with
[D] Otherwise
[D] Better still
14. [A] by chance



16. [A] moderate



17. [A] at






18. [A] Above all




20. [A] By accident


Part A
Directions:
[B] in contrast



[B] overcome







[B] unless






[B] for






[C] determine




[D] reach




[C] after






[B] After all






[C] However





[B] In time




[C] So far





19. [A] fundamental


[B] comprehensive


[C] equivalent





[D] hostile
Section II

Reading Comprehension
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
below
each
text
by
choosing
A,
B,
C
or
D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing
into
the
unconscious
comfort
of
familiar
routine.
“Not
choice,
but
habit
rules
the
unreflecting
herd,”
William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-
changing 21st century, even the word “habit”
carries a negative connotation.
So
it
seems
antithetical
to
talk
about
habits
in
the
same
context
as
creativity
and
innovation.
But
brain
researchers
have
discovered
that
when
we
consciously
develop
new
habits,
we
create
parallel
synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative
tracks.

But
don’t
bother
trying
to
kill
off
old
habits;
once
those

ruts
of
procedure
are
worn
into
the
hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create
parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova,
author of
“The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But
we are
.
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taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’

” She adds, however, that “to
decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many
other possibilities.”

All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late
1960
covered
that
humans
are
born
with
the
capacity
to
approach
challenges
in
four
primary
ways:
analytically,
procedurally,
relationally
(or
collaboratively)
and
innovatively.
At
puberty,
however,
the
brain
shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought
that have seemed most
valuable during the first decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of
us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the
American belief system
—

that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book
“This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it
fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”
This is
where developing new habits comes in.
21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being









A. casual






B. familiar




C. mechanical



D. changeable.

22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be








A. predicted



B. regulated



C. traced







D. guided

23.
“
ruts
”
(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to







A. tracks






B. series






C. characteristics

D. connections
24.
Ms. Markova’s
comments suggest that the practice of standard testing







?
A, prevents new habits form being formed










B, no longer emphasizes commonness
C, maintains the inherent American thinking model


D, complies with the American belief system
25. Ryan most probably agree that

A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind













B. innovativeness could be taught

C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas







D. curiosity activates creative minds
Text 2
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom
–
or at least confirm that he
’
s the kid
’
s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $$30 for paternity testing kit
(PTK) at his local drugstore
–
and another $$120 to get the results.
More
than
60,000
people
have
purchased
the
PTKs
since
they
first
become
available
without
prescriptions last
years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating
officer of Identigene, which makes the
over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in
price from a few hundred dollars to more than $$2500.
Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their
biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to
search for a family
’
s geographic roots .
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for
testing.

All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.


But
some observers
are
skeptical,
“
There is
a kind
of false precision being hawked by people
claiming they are doing ancestry testing,
”
says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes
.
精品文档

that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most
ancestry
testing
only
considers
a
single
lineage,
either
the
Y
chromosome
inherited
through
men
in
a
father
’
s
line
or
mitochondrial
DNA,
which
a
passed
down
only
from
mothers.
This
DNA
can
reveal
genetic
information
about
only
one
or
two
ancestors,
even
though,
for
example,
just
three
generations
back
people
also
have
six
other
great-grandparents
or,
four
generations
back,
14
other
great-great-grandparents.

Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to
which
a
sample
is
compared.
Databases
used
by
some
companies
don
’
t
rely
on
data
collected
systematically but
rather lump together information from
different
research
projects.
This means that a
DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer
programs
a
company
uses
to
estimate
relationships
may
be
patented
and
not
subject
to
peer
review
or
outside evaluation.

paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK
’
s ___________.
[A]easy availability [B]flexibility in pricing [C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households
27. PTK is used to __________.
[A] locate one
’
s birth place










[B] promote genetic research
[C] identify parent-child kinship






[D] choose children for adoption

28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.
[A]trace distant ancestors











[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines
[D]achieve the claimed accuracy

[C]fully use genetic information

29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.
[A]disorganized data collection

[B]overlapping database building

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.
[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing

[C] DNA testing outside the lab

Text 3
The
relationship
between
formal
education
and
economic
growth
in
poor
countries
is
widely
misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the
social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional
view
that
education
should
be
one
of
the
very
highest
priorities
for
promoting
rapid
economic
development
in
poor
countries
is
wrong.
We
are
fortunate
that
is
it,
because
new
educational
systems
there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or
three
generations.
The
findings
of
a
research
institution
have
consistently
shown
that
workers
in
all
countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher
standards of living.


Ironically, the first
evidence
for this
idea appeared in
the
United States.
Not
long ago, with
the
country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly
educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the
global
leader
in
automotive- assembly
productivity.
Yet
the
research
revealed
that
the
U.S.
factories
of
Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants
a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.
More
recently,
while
examing
housing
construction,
the
researchers
discovered
that
illiterate,
.




[B] DNA testing and It
’
s problems















[D] lies behind DNA testing

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non-English-
speaking
Mexican
workers
in
Houston,
Texas,
consistently
met
best-practice
labor
productivity standards despite the complexity of the building
industry’
s work.
What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that
continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force
it. After all, that’s how education got started.
When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years
ago
, they didn’t
have time to
wonder much about
anything besides
finding food. Only when humanity
began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.
As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn affo
rd more education.
This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the
complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be
able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal
education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s
workforce to
substantially
improve productivity
for the forested future.
On the contrary,
constraints
on
improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it
is.
31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries

___________.
[A] is subject groundless doubts





[B] has fallen victim of bias

[C] is conventional downgraded





[D] has been overestimated

32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system

__________.
[A]challenges economists and politicians








[B]takes efforts of generations

[C] demands priority from the government







[D] requires sufficient labor force

33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.
[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined
[C]the U.S workforce has a better education


[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive

[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize

34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.
[A] when people had enough time








[B] prior to better ways of finding food

[C] when people on longer went hung





[D] as a result of pressure on government

35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.
[A] results directly from competitive environments [B] does not depend on economic performance

[C] follows improved productivity


Text 4
The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of
seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere
else in colonial America was
“
So much important attached to intellectual pursuits
”
According to many
books
and
articles,
New
England
’
s
leaders
established
the
basic
themes
and
preoccupations
of
an
unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritan
s’
theological
innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church- important subjects that we may not neglect. But
in
keeping with
our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans
as
carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the
scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

The
early
settlers
of
Massachusetts
Bay
included
men
of
impressive
education
and
influence
in
.


[D] cannot afford political changes

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England.
`Besides the ninety or so
learned ministers who came to
Massachusetts
church in
the decade
after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of
the
Crown
before
he
journeyed
to
Boston.
There
men
wrote
and
published
extensively,
reaching
both
New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts
men
or
farmers,
let
alone
dependents
and
servants,
left
literary
compositions
to
be
analyzed,
The
in
thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late
1630s,
left
an
account
of
his
reasons
for
leaving
England
that
is
filled
with
signs.
sexual
confusion,
economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the
Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words:
“
come out
from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.
”
One
wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.

Mean
while
,
many
settles
had
slighter
religious
commitments
than
Dane
’
s,
as
one
clergyman
learned in
confronting folk
along the coast
who mocked that
they had not
come to
the New world
for
religion .
“
Our main end was to catch fish.
”

36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life. [B] intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.
[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
39. The story of John Dane shows that less well- educated New Englanders were often __________.
[A] influenced by superstitions






[B] troubled with religious beliefs
[C] puzzled by church sermons






[D] frustrated with family earnings
40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.
[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect
[C] came from different backgrounds.






[D] left few formal records for later reference
Part B
Directions:

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose
the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices,
which do not fit in any of the gaps.

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Coinciding
with
the
groundbreaking
theory
of
biological
evolution
proposed
by
British
naturalist
.






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Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of
biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies,
changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the
late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he
attempted
to
show
how
all
aspects
of
culture
changed
together
in
the
evolution
of
societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a
new theory of culture known as
historical particularism.
Historical particularism, which emphasized the
uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not
as
one
of
many
cultures
belonging
to
a
broader
evolutionary
stage
or
type
of
culture.
44._______________.
Historical
particularism
became
a
dominant
approach
to
the
study
of
culture
in
American
anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in
the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed
virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that,
according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.

Also
in
the
early
1900s,
French
sociologist
É
mile
Durkheim
developed
a
theory
of
culture
that
would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce
social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture
—
known as
functionalism
—
became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin
and passed from society to society. This theory was known as
diffusionism.


[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics,
the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the
fittest,”
in
which
weaker
races
and
societies
must
eventually
be
replaced
by
stronger,
mor
e
advanced
races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such
as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.

[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage,
categories
of
kinship,
ownership
of
property,
forms
of
government,
technology,
and
systems
of
food
production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a
society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested,
on
the
basis
of
inadequate
information,
that
farming,
pottery
making,
and
metallurgy
all
originated
in
ancient
Egypt
and
diffused
throughout
the
world.
In
fact,
all
of
these
cultural
developments
occurred
separately at different times in many parts of the world.
Part C
Directions:
.
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Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others,
and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and
important,
but
it is
not
the express
reason of the association.46

It
may be said that the measure
of the
worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a
part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of
overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure
family
perpetuity;
systematic
labor,
for
the
most
part,
because
of
enslavement
to
others,
etc.
47Only
gradually
was
the
by-product
of
the
institution
noted,
and
only
more
gradually
still
was
this
effect
considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart
from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of
human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with
physical output.

But
in
dealing with
the
young, the fact
of association itself as an immediate human fact,
gains
in
importance.48
While
it
is
easy
to
ignore
in
our
contact
with
them
the
effect
of
our
acts
upon
their
disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to
accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of
account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help
considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

If humanity has made
some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we
may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far
considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social
groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed
dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
Section
Ⅲ

Writing
Part A
51. Directions: Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.
“
White pollution
”
is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to

give your opinions briefly and

make two or three suggestions
You
should
write
about
100
words.
Do
not
sign
your
own
name
at
the
end
of
the
letter.
Use

Ming
Part B
52. Directions:

In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
51
：在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很成功，因此白色污染仍然继续

.
精品文档



给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括



1
给出自己简短的看法和观点



2
给出
2-3
条建议



【范文】



Dear Editors,


I, as your faithful reader, am writing this letter to suggest that plastic bags should be restricted in our
daily life. However, to my surprise and sadness, I have found that disposable plastic bags are still widely
used
in
some
areas
just
because
people
are
unwilling
to
change
their
old
habits,
thus
causing
their
surroundings to be even worse.


To solve this serious problem, I would like to put forward a couple of practical suggestions. Above
all, our country should establish a strong agency to limit the production of those bags and monitor the use
of
them.
Furthermore,
some
other
choices
should
be
adovcated
to
replace
plastic
bags
with
paper
or
bamboo
ones.
Finally,
consumers
should
pay
for
the
use
of
plastic
bags
so
as
to
enhance
their
consciousness of environmental protection.


I really hope my suggestions would attract your due attention and receive an early reply.


Yours Sincerely,


Li Ming


52
：用网络使我们看不见的东西能听见，远隔千山万水但能联系，意思就是网络的 远与近



大作文是：网络的近与远



一

客观描述图

二

说明意思

三

给出观点



【范文】



As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in front of computers and in narrow spaces are sitting many
people, exchanging their views with each other by surfing the Internet. How impressive the drawing is in
describing the people’s addiction to the Internet. The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self
-evident
and the meaning causes us to be thought- provoking.


It holds apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive problem with regard to Internet. When
it comes to(
一谈到
) Internet
，
its great impacts and benefits can’t be too estimated. It is the Internet that
makes our big world become a global village. However, as a growing number of individuals are addicted
to (
沉溺于
) the Internet, they forget doing other important work and are gradually indulged in(
沉溺在
)
the virtual world, unwilling to go into the real society. As a consequence(
因此
), they close their doors and
never go out as soon as they return home from work, reluctant to have any face- to-face connection even
with
other
folks
except
on
line.
What’s
worse,
they
become
indifferent
（漠不关心）
to
their
friends,
neighbours, as well as relatives.


This phenomenon is harmful to us and our community too. As the pressure in life and work increases,
we should learn to
use proper ways to
relieve it.
It’s time that we took some measures to
improve the
situation.
People
can
be
organized
to
hold
some
activities
together
to
develop
some
good
hobbies.
Consequently, we must make full use of Internet to do everything beneficial to make our daily life both
joyful and meaningful.
（
272 words
）


.
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2008
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I
Directions:
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses
that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is
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1
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to say it anyway. He is that
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bird,
a
scientist
who
works
independently
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any
institution.
He
helped
popularize
the
idea
that
some
diseases
not
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thought
to
have
a
bacterial
cause
were
actually
infections,
which
aroused
much
controversy when it was first suggested.
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he, however, might tremble at the
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of what he is about to do. Together with another
two
scientists,
he
is
publishing
a
paper
which
not
only
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that
one
group
of
humanity
is
more
intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in
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are
a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This
group
generally
do
well
in
IQ
test,
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12-15
points
above
the
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value
of
100,
and have contributed
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to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the
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of their
elites,
including
several
world-renowned
scientists,
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.
They
also
suffer
more
often
than
most
people
from
a
number
of
nasty
genetic
diseases,
such
as
breast
cancer.
These
facts,
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14
家
,
have
previously
been
thought
unrelated.
The
former
has
been
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to
social
effects,
such
as
a
strong
tradition
of
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education.
The
latter
was
seen
as
a
(an)
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of
genetic
isolation.
Dr.
Cochran
suggests
that
the
intelligence
and
diseases
are
intimately
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.
His
argument
is
that
the
unusual history of these people has
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them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in
this
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state of affairs.
1.
[A] selected
[B] prepared [C] obliged




[D] pleased
2.
[A] unique




[B] particular
3.
[A] of








[B] with
5.
[A] Only
.
Use of English
[C] special




[D] rare




[C] in








[D] against
4.
[A] subsequently[B] presently [C] previously
[D] lately




[B] So








[C] Even




[D] Hence




[C] cost




[D] risk
6.
[A] thought




[B] sight
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7.
[A] advises




[B] suggests
[
C] protests
[D] objects
8.
[A] progress [B] fact




[C] need
10. [A] normal




[B] common
11. [A] unconsciously
[C] indefinitely
[D] unaccountably
12. [A] missions

[B] fortunes
14. [A] moreover
16. [A] assessing



[C] interests
[D] careers



[C] observe




[D] approve
[D] put down
[D] valuing
13. [A] affirm





[B] witness




[D] question
[D] calculating




[D] total
9.
[A] attaining
[B] scoring




[C] reaching
[B] disproportionately




[C] mean
[B] therefore
[
C] however [D] meanwhile
[B] supervising
[C] administering
15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on
17. [A] development [B] origin
18. [A] linked
[B] integrated
19. [A] limited
[B] subjected
[C] consequence [D] instrument
[C] woven
[D] combined
[C] converted
[D] directed
[D] continuous
20. [A] paradoxical
[B] incompatible [C] inevitable
Section II
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark
your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1
. (40 points)
Text 1
While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at
least one undesirable category.
“
Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety
disorders
in
response
to
stress
compared
to
men,
”

according
to
Dr.
Yehuda,
chief
psychiatrist
at
New
York
’
s Veteran
’
s Administration Hospital.
Studies
of
both
animals
and
humans
have
shown
that
sex
hormones
somehow
affect
the
stress
response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the
same
conditions.
In
several
of
the
studies,
when
stressed-out
female
rats
had
their
ovaries
(the
female
reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman
’
s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased
“
opportunities
”
for stress.
“
It
’
s not necessarily that women don
’
t cope as well. It
’
s just that they have so much more to cope with,
”

says Dr. Yehuda.
“
Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men
’
s,
”
she observes,
“
it
’
s
just that they
’
re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and
sooner.
”

Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.
“
I think that the kinds of things that women
are
exposed
to
tend
to
be
in
more
of
a
chronic
or
repeated
nature.
Men
go
to
war
and
are
exposed
to
combat
stress.
Men
are
exposed
to
more
acts
of
random
physical
violence.
The
kinds
of
interpersonal
violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other
family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer
relationships can be quite devastating.
”

.
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Adeline
Alvarez
married
at
18
and
gave
birth
to
a
son,
but
was
determined
to
finish
college.
“
I
struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go
to school, and get ahead and do better.
”
Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother.
“
It
’
s
the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.
I lived from paycheck to paycheck.
”

Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women
today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez
’
s experience
demonstrates
the
importance
of
finding
ways
to
diffuse
stress
before
it
threatens
your
health
and
your
ability to function.
21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22. Dr. Yehuda
’
s research suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.





[D] are exposed to more stress.
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary.






[B] irregular and violent.
[C] durable and frequent.







[D] trivial and random.
24. The sentence
“
I lived from paycheck to paycheck.
”
(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez
’
s salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?








[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say


[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
Text 2
It
used
to
be
so
straightforward.
A
team
of
researchers
working
together
in
the
laboratory
would
submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors
’
names
and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received,
the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher,
and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet
–
and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial
publishers are making money
from
government-funded research by restricting
access
to
it
–
is
making
access
to
scientific
results
a
reality.
The
Organization
for
Economic
Co-operation
and
Development
(OECD)
has
just
issued
a
report
describing
the
far-reaching
consequences
of
this.
The
report,
by
John
Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for
.
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publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in
what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon
wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is
estimated at between $$7 billion and $$11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and
Medical
Publishers
says
that
there
are
more
than
2,000
publishers
worldwide
specializing
in
these
subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This
is
now
changing.
According
to
the
OECD
report,
some
75%
of
scholarly
journals
are
now
online.
Entirely
new
business
models
are
emerging;
three
main
ones
were
identified
by
the
report
’
s
authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of
online
journal
titles
through
site-licensing
agreements.
There
is
open-access
publishing,
typically
supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are
open-access
archives,
where
organizations
such
as
universities
or
international
laboratories
support
institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access,
where
journals
allow
only
subscribers
to
read
a
paper
for
the
first
six
months,
before
making
it
freely
available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review
process, at least for the publication of papers.
26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
Text 3
In
the
early
1960s
Wilt
Chamberlain
was
one
of
only
three
players
in
the
National
Basketball
Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been
one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and
managers
have
been
more
than
willing
to
adjust
team
uniforms
to
fit
the
growing
numbers
of
bigger,
longer frames.
The trend in
sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have
generally
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stopped
growing.
Though
typically
about
two
inches
taller
now
than
140
years
ago,
today
’
s
people
–

especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations
–
apparently reached
their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren
’
t likely to get any taller.
“
In the general population today, at
this
genetic,
environmental
level,
we
’
ve
pretty
much
gone
as
far
as
we
can
go,
”

says
anthropologist
William
Cameron
Chumlea
of
Wright
State
University.
In
the
case
of
NBA
players,
their
increase
in
height
appears
to
result
from
the
increasingly
common
practice
of
recruiting
players
from
all
over
the
world.
Growth,
which
rarely
continues
beyond
the
age
of
20,
demands
calories
and
nutrients
–

notably,
protein
–

to
feed
expanding
tissues.
At
the
start
of
the
20th
century,
under-nutrition
and
childhood
infections got
in
the way.
But
as diet and health improved, children and adolescents
have, on average,
increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in
height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height
–
5
′
9
″
for men,
5
′
4
″
for women
–
hasn
’
t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger
babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been
upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily
withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.
“
There are some real constraints that are set by the
genetic architecture of the individual organism,
”

says
anthropologist
William
Leonard of
Northwestern
University.
Genetic
maximums
can
change,
but
don
’
t
expect
this
to
happen
soon.
Claire
C.
Gordon,
senior
anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and
workstations
fit
recruits
without
alteration.
She
says
that,
unlike
those
for
basketball,
the
length
of
military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near
future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large,
“
you could use today
’
s data and feel
fairly confident.
”

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..
[C] compare different generations of NBA players.
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
[A] Genetic modification.




[B] Natural environment.
[C] Living standards.







[D] Daily exercise.
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
.
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[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
35. The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
Text 4
In 1784, five
years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was
nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw
–
having extracted them from
the mouths of his slaves.
That
’
s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their
history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives
of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,
which
almost
certainly
proved
Thomas
Jefferson
had
fathered
at
least
one
child
with
his
slave
Sally
Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of
several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation
’
s early leaders and the fragile nature
of the country
’
s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery
was wrong
–
and yet most did little to fight it.
More
than
anything,
the
historians
say,
the
founders
were
hampered
by
the
culture
of
their
time.
While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was
part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Own
ing slaves was “like having a
large bank account,”
says Wiencek, author of
An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the
Creation of America
. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for
the
“peculiar
institution,
”
including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of
congressional representation.
And the statesmen
’
s political lives depended on slavery. The three- fifths formula handed Jefferson
his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the
Electoral
College. Once
in
office, Jefferson extended slavery
with
the
Louisiana Purchase in
1803;
the
new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still,
Jefferson
freed
Hemings
’
s
children
–

though
not
Hemings
herself
or
his
approximately
150
other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that
all
men were created equal after observing the
bravery
of
the
black
soldiers
during
the
Revolutionary
War,
overcame
the
strong
opposition
of
his
relatives
to
grant
his
slaves
their
freedom
in
his
will.
Only
a
decade
earlier,
such
an
act
would
have
required legislative approval in Virginia.
36. George Washington
’
s dental surgery is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
37. We may infer from the second paragraph that
.
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[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson
’
s life.
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.
38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
39. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40. Washington
’
s decision to free slaves originated from his
[A] moral considerations. [B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.


[D] political stand.
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41
—
45, choose the most
suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which
do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1
. (10 points)
The
time
for
sharpening
pencils,
arranging
your
desk,
and
doing
almost
anything
else
instead
of
writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,
stand up, or lie down to write. (41)
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Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit
it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42)

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网原创出品

Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are
saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous
search for errors.
(43)

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Your pages will be easier to
keep track of that way, and, if
you have to
clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.
If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions
and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some
software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44)

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家网原创出品

These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.
Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add
material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote
“
The
A
&
P
as
a
State
of
Mind
”

wisely
dropped
a
paragraph
that
questioned
whether
Sammy
displays
chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)

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Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times
–
and then
again
–
working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions
.
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of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions
should
connect
one
paragraph
to
the
next
so
that
there
are
no
abrupt
or
confusing
shifts.
Awkward
or
wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.
[A]
To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily
add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.
[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention
to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It
’
s probably best to write the introduction last, after you
know precisely what
you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs
demand equal
attention because they
leave the reader with a final impression.
[C] It
’
s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it
will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their
data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of
power failures or other problems.
[D]
It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a
tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the
setting influences Sammy
’
s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one
that described Lengel
’
s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P
“
policy
”
he
enforces.
[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in
“
A & P,
”
the student brings together
the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel
’
s store policies.
[G]
By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely
discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don
’
t use outlines at all but
discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first
time around.
Part C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation should be written clearly on
ANSWER SHEET 2
. (10 points)
In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.
He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but
(46)
he
believes
that
this
very
difficulty
may
have
had
the
compensating
advantage
of
forcing
him
to
think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in
his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such
as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of
thought
was
very
limited,
for
which
reason
he
felt
certain
that
he
never
could
have
succeeded
with
mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he
never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand,
he
did
not
accept
as
well
founded
the
charge
made
by
some
of
his
critics
that,
while
he
was
a
good
observer,
he
had
no
power
of
reasoning.
This,
he
thought,
could
not
be
true,
because
the
“
Origin
of
Species
”
is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one,
he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert
that
“
I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful
.
精品文档

lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.
”
(49) He adds humbly that perhaps
he
was
“
superior
to
the
common
run
of
men
in
noticing
things
which
easily
escape
attention,
and
in
observing them carefully.
”

Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had
changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many
kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great,
delight. In 1881, however, he said:
“
Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have
also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.
”
(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes
was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the
moral character.
Section III
Writing
Part A
51.
Directions:
You have just come back from
Canada and found a music CD in
your luggage that
you forgot
to
return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1) make an apology, and
2) suggest a solution.
You should write about 100 words on
ANSWER SHEET 2
.
Do not
sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use
“
Li Ming
”
instead.
Do not
write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52.
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on
ANSWER SHEET 2
. (20 points)
应用文范文

Dear Bob,
I am writing to express my apology to you.
Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came
back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will
send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it
may cause.
Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
大作文范文

As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a
lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-
reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society:
.
精品文档

the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn
they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.
There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we
may
encounter
various
plights,
where
we
w
ould
be
at
a
loss
rather
than
to
seek
for
others’
assistance.
Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our
dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in
face of disasters.
Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It
is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To
begin with, the government should make laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should
enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can
we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.
2007
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or
[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly
20 million
大
1
家

of these nations looked
大
2
家

to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime
and
Iberian
Colonialism,
many
of
the
leaders
of
independence
大
3
家

the
ideals
of
representative
government, careers
大
4
家

to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the
大
5
家

to private property,
and
a
belief
in
the
individual
as
the
basis
of
society.
大
6
家

there
was
a
belief
that
the
new
nations
should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a
大
7
家

set of laws.
On
the
issue
of
大
8
家

of
religion
and
the
position
of
the
church,
大
9
家
,
there
was
less
agreement
大
10
家

the
leadership.
Roman
Catholicism
had
been
the
state
religion
and
the
only
one
大
11
家

by
the
Spanish
crown.
大
12
家

most
leaders
sought
to
maintain
Catholicism
大
13
家

the
official religion of the new states, some sought to end the
大
14
家

of other faiths. The defense of the
Church became a rallying
大
15
家

for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything.
Bolivar
had
received
aid
from
Haiti
and
had
大
16
家

in
return
to
abolish
slavery
in
the
areas
he
liberated.
By
1854
slavery
had
been
abolished
everywhere
except
Spain
’
s
大
17
家

colonies.
Early
.
Use of English

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