考研英语真题英语一真题完整版答案
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语
一
真
题
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整
版
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2015
英语一真题
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank
and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related”as fourth
cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the
University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects
which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same
people were used in both_(5)_.
While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler,
professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even
_(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people
who_(8)_our kin.”
The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in
friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes
is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to
similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms
working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar
friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to
be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human
evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a
major_(17)_factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of
similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were
drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all
subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected
5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples
6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible
7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass
9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps
11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like
12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit
13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits
15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier
16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express
17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by
choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare
in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and th
e popularity of the republican
left in the recent Euro- elections have forced him to eat his words and stand
down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days
Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their
magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When
public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the
Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit
of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains
monarchs’continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted,
Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not
counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in
the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters
to avoid the difficult search for a non- controversial but respected public
figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national
unity as they claim to be, their very history
—
and sometimes the way they
behave today
–
embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.
At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising
inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that
wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern
democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old
aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not
horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the
international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to
maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for
some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the
Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputati
on with her
rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with
Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical
view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely
survived because they provide a service
–
as non-controversial and non-
political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows,
it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A] used turn enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] cased his relationship with his rivals
[D]ended his reign in embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4
[A] Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges
24. The British
royals “have most to fear”because Charles
[A] takes a rough line on political issues
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text
[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
TEXT 2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data The Supreme
Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile
phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,
particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search
through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard,
the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly
changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.
Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice
can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They sh
ould start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring
the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is
similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that
police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or
porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone
is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s
reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records
of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile,
has made that exploration so much the easier.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New,
disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the
Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion
and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the
establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The
justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the
passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to
digital information now.
26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is
legitimate to
[A]
search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.
[B] check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.
[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of
[A] tolerance.
[B] indifference.
[C] disapproval.
[D] cautiousness.
28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable
to
[A] getting into one’s residence.
[B] handing one’s histo
rical records.
[C] scanning one’s correspondences.
[D] going through one’s wallet.
29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
[B] the court is giving police less room for action.
[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.
[D] citizens’privacy is not effective protected.
Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that
(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.
(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
Text 3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its
peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy
follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that
basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of
many published research findings.
“Readers must
have confidence in the conclusions published in our
journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical
Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of
reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by
the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors
or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external
statisticians to review these manus.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:
“The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly
with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and
is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in th
e research
we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public
Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play
primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight
behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a
lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in
Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that
may want to model their approach a
fter Science.”
31
、
It can be learned from Paragraph I that
[A] Science intends to simplify its peer- review process.
[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
32
、The phrase “flagged up ”is the closest in meaning to
[A]found.
[B]revised.
[C]marked
[D]stored
33
、
Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
[A]pose a threat to all its peers
[B]meet with strong opposition
[C]increase Science’s circulation.
[D]set an example for other journals
34
、
David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
A. adds to researchers’worklosd.
B. diminishes the role of reviewers.
C. has room for further improvement.
D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text
A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C. Data Analysis Fi
nds Its Way onto Editors’Desks
D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text 4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the
“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”Integrity
had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only
“sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s
us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.
Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s
increasingly apparent that
the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or
business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and
freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as
News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose
its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .