-美丽的万物

2021年1月22日发(作者：绝对唱响2006)
Appendix

A

Glossary

of

Human

Resource

Management

Terms

absentees


Absentees
are
employees
who
are
scheduled
to
be
at
work
but
are
not
present.


Accident
and

sickness

policies

Accident
and
sickness
policies
usually
provide
a
minimum-care stipend for several weeks up to six months to help employees defray
the loss of income while they are sick or recovering from an accident.


accreditation
Accreditation is a process of certifying the competence of a person in an
area
of
capability.
The
Society
for
Human
Resource
Management
operates
an
accreditation program for personnel professionals.


active

listening

Active
listening
requires
the
listener
to
stop
talking,
to
remove
distractions, to be patient, and to empathize with the talker.


adverse

selection

Adverse
selection
occurs
when
an
insurance
company
has
a
disproportionately high percentage of insureds who will make claims in
the future.
Adverse
selection
often
results
when
people
are
given
a
chance
to
buy
insurance
without prescreening, which often means that a higher than normal proportion have a
condition that is likely to cause them to be frequent claimants.


affirmative

action

programs
Affirmative action programs are detailed plans developed
by
employers
to
undo
the
results
of
past
employment
discrimination,
or
to
ensure
equal opportunity in the future.


Age

Discrimination

in

Employment

Act

of

1967

(
as

amended)

This
act
prohibits
discrimination on employment because of age against those who are 40 and older.


American

Federation

of

Labor

and

Congress

of Industrial

Organization
(AFL-CIO)
The AFL-CIO is a federation of most national unions. It exists to provide a unified
focal
point
for
the
labor
movement,
to
assist
national
unions,
and
to
influence
government policies that affect members and working people.


applied

research

Applied
research
is
a
study
of
practical
problems,
the
solutions
of
which will lead to improved performance.


arbitration


Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to a neutral third party.


assessment

centers


Assessment centers are a standardized form of employee appraisal
that relies on multiple types of evaluation and multiple raters.


associate

membership


Associate
membership
in
a
labor
organization
allows
people
who are not employed under a union contract to affiliate with a union by paying fees
and dues in return for union-supported benefits.


attitude

surveys


Attitude
surveys
are
systematic
methods
of
determining
what
employees
think
about
their
organization.
The
surveys
are
usually
done
through
questionnaires.
Attitude
survey
feedback
results
when
the
information
collected
is
reported
back
to
the
participants.
This
process
then
is
usually
followed
by
action
planning to identify and resolve specific areas of employee concern.


attrition


Attrition is the loss of employees who leave the organization's employment.


audit

report


The audit report is a comprehensive description of personnel activities. It
includes
both
commendation
for
effective
practices
and
recommendations
for
improving practices that are ineffective.


audit

team


An audit team consists of those people who are responsible for evaluating
the performance of the personnel department.


authorization

cards


Authorization
cards
are
forms
that
prospective
union
members
sign. The cards indicate their wish to have an election to determine whether a labor
organization will represent the workers in their dealings with management.


autonomous

work

groups


Autonomous work groups are teams of workers, without a
formal
company-appointed
leader,
who
decide
among
themselves
most
decisions
traditionally handled by supervisors.


autonomy
Autonomy is having control over one's work.


bargaining

book
A bargaining book is a compilation of the negotiation team's plans for
collective bargaining with labor or management. Increasingly, the bargaining book is
being replaced by information stored in accompany or union computer.


bargaining

committee


The union bargaining committee consists of union officials and
stewards
who
negotiate
with
management's
representatives
to
determine
wages,
hours, and working conditions to be embodied in the labor agreement.


behaviorally

anchored

rating

scales

(BARS)


BARS
rate
employees
scale
that
has
specific behavioral examples on it to guide the rater.

Behavioral
modeling

Behavioral
modeling
relies
on
the
initiation
or
emulation
of
a
desired
behavior.
A
repetition
of
behavior
modeling
helps
to
develop
appropriate
responses in specified situations.


behavior

modification

Behavior
modification
states
that
behavior
depends
on
its
consequences.


blind

ads


Blind ads are want ads that do not identify the employer.


bona

fide

occupational

qualifications

(BFOQ)
A BFOQ occurs when an employer has a
justified
business
reason
for
discriminating
against
a
member
of
a
protected
class.
The burden of proving a BFOQ generally falls on the employer.


bottom-line

test
The bottom-line test is applied by the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission to determine if a firm's overall selection process is having an adverse
impact
on
protected
groups.
Even
though
individual
steps
in
the
selection
process
might exhibit an adverse impact on a protected group, the firm will be considered in
compliance if the overall process does not have an adverse effect.


Boulwarism
Boulwarism is a negotiation strategy developed by General Electric. Using
this
approach
the
company
made
its

offer
to
the
union
at
the
beginning
of
negotiations. Then it remained firm unless the union could find where management
had erred in the calculations used to arrive at the offer. This strategy has been ruled
as an unfair labor practice by the National Labor Relations Board and by the federal
courts.


brainstorming


Brainstorming is a process by which participants provide their ideas on
a stated problem during a freewheeling group session.


buddy

system
The
is asked to show a new worker around the job site, conduct introduction, and answer
the newcomer's questions.


burnout


Burnout
is
a
condition
of
mental,
emotional,
and
sometimes
physical
exhaustion that results from substantial prolonged stress.


business

agent


A business agent is a full-time employee of a local (usually craft) union.
The business agent helps employees resolve their problems with management.


business

unionism


Business unionism describes unions that seek to improve the wages,
hours,
and
working
conditions
of
their
members
in
a
business
like
manner.
(See
social unionism.)


buy-back

Buy-backs
occur
when
an
employee
who
attempts
to
resign
is
convinced
to
stay in
the employment
of the organization. Normally the person is

back
with an offer of increased wages or salary.


Cafeteria

benefit

programs

Cafeteria
benefit
programs
allow
employees
to
select
the
fringe benefits and services that answer their individual needs.


career
A career is all the jobs that are held during one's working life.


career

counseling


Career
counseling
assists
employees
in
finding
appropriate
career
goals
and
paths.
career

development


Career
development
consists
of
those
experiences and personal improvements that one undertakes to achieve a career plan.


career

goals


Career goals are the future positions that one strives to reach. These goals
serve as benchmarks along one's career path.


career

path
A career path is the sequential pattern of jobs that form one's career.


career

planning

Career
planning
is
the
process
by
which
one
selects
career
goals
and
paths to those goals.


career

plateau


A career plateau occurs when an employee is in a position that he or she
does well enough not to be demoted or fired but not well enough to be promoted.


change

agents


Change
agents
are
people
who
have
the
role
of
stimulating
change
within a group.


checkoff

A
checkoff
provision
in
a
union-management
labor
agreement
requires
the
employer to deduct union dues from employee paychecks and to remit those moneys
to the union.


Civil

Rights

Act

of
1964 This act was passed to make various forms of discrimination
illegal.


closed

shop


A
closed
shop
is
a
workplace
where
all
employees
are
required
to
be
members of the union
before
they are hired. These arrangements are illegal under the
National Labor Relations Act.


codetermination


Codetermination is a form of industrial
democracy first popularized
in
West
Germany.
It
gives
workers
the
right
to
have
representatives
vote
on
management decisions.


coinsurance

clause

A
coinsurance
clause
is
a
provision
in
an
insurance
policy
that
requires the employee to pay a percentage of the insured's expenses


communication

Communication
is
the
transfer
of
information
and
understanding
from
one person to another.


comparable

worth
Comparable worth is the idea that a job should be evaluated as to its
value to the organization and then paid accordingly. Thus jobs of comparable worth
would
be
paid
equally.
For
example,
two
people
with
widely
different
jobs
would
both receive the same pay if the two jobs were of equal value to the employer.


comparative

evaluation

approaches

Comparative
evaluation
approaches
are
a
collection of different methods that compare one person's performance with that of
co-workers.


compensation
Compensation is what employees receive in exchange for their work.


Comprehensive

Employment

and

Training

Act

of

1973

(CETA)

CETA
was
a broad-ranging act designed to provide job training, employment, and job
hunting
assistance
to
less
advantaged
persons.
It
has
since
been
replaced
by
the
Job
Partnership Training

Act.

concentration

in

employment


Concentration
exists
when
an
employer
(or
some
subdivision
such
as
a
department)
has
a
higher
proportion
of
employees
from
a
protected class than is found in the employer's labor market. (See
underutilization.)


concessionary

bargaining

Concessionary
bargaining
occurs
when
labor
management
negotiations result in fewer employer-paid fringe benefits or wage concessions, such
as a freeze or wage cut.


conciliation

agreement


a
conciliation
agreement
is
a
negotiated
settlement
agreeable
to the EEOC and to all parties involved. Its acceptances closes the case.


Consolidated

Omnibus

Budget

Reconciliation

Act

of

1985

(COBRA)

This

act
was
signed into law in 1986. COBRA requires employers that provide group benefits to
employees
through
a
group
plan
to
also
provide
group
benefits
to
qualified
beneficiaries with the right to elect to continue their coverage for a certain period of
time after their coverage would otherwise terminate, with a few exceptions.


constructs
Constructs are substitutes for actual performance. For example, a score on a
test is a construct for actual learning.


contract

labor


Contract labor consists of people who are hired (and often trained) by
an independent agency that supplies companies with needed human resources for a
fee.


contributory

benefit

plans


Contributory benefit plans are fringe benefits that require
both
the
employer
and
the
employee
to
contribute
to
the
cost
of
the
insurance,
retirement, or other employer benefit.


coordinated

organizing
Coordinated organizing occurs when two or more unions pool
their resources to organize a targeted employer or group of employees.


corrective

discipline


Corrective
discipline
is
an
action
that
follows
a
rule
infraction
and seeks to discourage further infractions so that future acts are in compliance with
standards.


counseling

Counseling
is
the
discussion
of
an
employee
problem
with
the
general
objective of helping the worker cope with it.


counseling

functions

Counseling
functions
are
the
activities
performed
by
counselors.
They
include
advice,
reassurance,
communication,
release
of
emotional
tension,
clarified thinking, and reorientation.


craft

unions


Craft unions are labor organizations that seek to include all workers who
have a common skill, such as carpenters or plumbers.


critical

incident

method


The
critical
incident
method
requires
the
rater
to
report
statements that describe extremely good or extremely bad employee behavior. These
statements are called
critical incidents,
and they are used as examples of good or bad
performance in rating the employee.


Decision-making

authority
See
line authority.


deductible

clause
A deductible clause is a provision in an insurance policy that requires
the insured to
pay
a specified amount of
a claim before the
insurer is
obligated to
pay.


deferral

jurisdictions


Deferral
jurisdictions
are
areas
in
the
United
States
where
the
EEOC
will
refer
a
case
to
another
(usually
a
state
or
local)agency;
for
example,
Florida Human Relations Commission.


deferred

stock

incentive

systems
These incentives award stock that becomes owned by
the executive gradually over several years.


delegation


Delegation
is
the
process
of
getting
others
to
share
a
manager's
work.
It
requires
the
manager
to
assign
duties,
grant
authority,
and
create
a
sense
of
responsibility.


Delphi

technique
The Delphi technique solicits predictions from a panel of experts about
some
specified
future
development(s).
The
collective
estimates
are
then
reported
back
to
the
panel
so
that
the
members
may
adjust
their
opinions.
This
process
is
repeated until a general agreement on future trends emerges.


demographics


Demographics is the study of population characteristics.


demotions


Demotions occur when an employee is moved from one job to another that
is lower in pay, responsibility, and organizational level.


development
Development represents those activities that prepare an employee for future
responsibilities.


Dictionary

of

Occupational

Titles

(DOT)

The
Dictionary
of
Occupational

Titles
is
a
federal government publication that provides detailed job descriptions and job codes
for most occupations in government and industry.


differential

validity


Differential
validity
is
used
to
demonstrate
that
tests
or
other
selection criteria are valid for different subgroups or protected classes.


directive

counseling


Directive counseling is the process of listening to an employee's
emotional
problems,
deciding
with
the
employee
what
should
be
done,
and
then
telling and motivating the employee to do it. (See non directive counseling.)


discipline
Discipline
is
management
action
to
encourage
compliance
with
the
organization's standards.


dismissal


Dismissal
is
the
ultimate
disciplinary
action
because
it
separates
the
employee from the employer for a cause.


disparate

impact


Disparate
impact
occurs
when
the
results
of
an
employer's
actions
have a different effect on one or more protected classes.


disparate

treatment


Disparate
treatment
occurs
when
members
of
a
protected
class
receive unequal treatment.


Drug-Free

Workplace

Act

of
1988 This legislation requires that organizations applying
for federal grants certify that they will make good-faith efforts to provide a drug-free
work place.
dual

responsibility

for

personnel

management


Since both line and
staff managers are responsible for employees, production, and quality of work life, a
dual responsibility for personnel management exists.


due

process

Due
process
means
that
established
rules
and
procedures
for
disciplinary
action are followed and that employees have an opportunity to respond to the charges
made against them.


early

retirement


Early
retirement
occurs
when
a
worker
retires
from
an
employer
before the


Employee

Assistance

Programs

(EAPs)

EAPs
are
company-sponsored
programs
to
help employees overcome their personal problems through direct company assistance,
counseling, or outside referral.


employee

handbook

The
employee
handbook
explains
key
benefits,
policies,
and
general information about the employer.


The

Employee

Polygraph

Protection

Act


The act prohibits the use of polygraphs in
private
industry
by
forbidding
any
employer
engaged
in
commerce
or
in
the
production of goods for commerce from directly or indirectly requiring, requesting,
or causing any employee or prospective employee to take or submit to a lie detector
test. Restrictions also cover use of information regarding results of such a test and
the taking of adverse employment action against any employee who refuses, declines,
or fails to take a lie detector test.


Employee

Retirement

Income

Security

Act

(ERISA)


ERISA
was
passed
by
Congress
to
ensure
that
employer
pension
plans
meet
minimum
participation,
vesting, and funding requirements.


employment

freeze
An employment freeze occurs when the organization curtails future
hiring.


employment

function
The employment function is that aspect of personnel responsible
for recruiting, selecting, and hiring new workers. This function is usually handled by
the employment section or employment manager of a large personnel department.


employment

references
Employment references are evaluations of an employee's work
performance. They are provided by past employers.


employment

tests
Employment tests are devices that assess the probable match between
the applicants and the job requirements.


Equal

Employment

Act

of

1972

This
act
strengthened
the
role
of
the
Equal
Employment
Opportunity
Commission
by amending the Civil
Rights Act of
1964.
The
1972
law
empowered
the
EEOC
to
initiate
court
action
against
non
complying organizations.


equal

employment

opportunity


Equal employment opportunity means giving people a
fair
chance
to
succeed
without
discrimination
based
on
factors
unrelated
to
job
performance--such as age, race, or national origin.


Equal

Employment

Opportunity

Commission

(EEOC)

The
EEOC
is
the
federal
agency responsible for enforcing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, as amended and
other laws such as the Age Discrimination in Employ


equal

employment

opportunity

laws


Equal employment opportunity laws area family
of
federal
and
state
acts
that
seek
to
ensure
equal
employment
opportunities
for
members of protected groups.


Equal

Pay

Art

of

1963
This act prohibits discrimination in pay because of a person's sex.


ergonomics


Ergonomics is the study of biotechnical relationships between the physical
attributes of workers and the physical demands of the jobs.
The object is to reduce
physical and mental strain in order to increase productivity and quality of work life.


error

of

central

tendency


The error of central tendency occurs when a rater evaluates
employee
performance
as
neither
good
nor
poor,
even
when
some
employees
perform exceptionally well or poorly. Instead, the rater rates everyone as average.


evaluation

interviews
Evaluation interviews are performance review sessions that give
employees feedback about their past Performance or about their future potential.


executive

order

Executive
orders
are
presidential
decrees
that
normally
apply
to
government
contractors
or
managers
in
the
executive
branches
of
the
federal
government.


exit

interviews


Exit
interviews
are
conversations
with
departing
employees
to
learn
their views of the organization.

expedited

arbitration

Expedited
arbitration
is
an
attempt
to
speed
up
the
arbitration
process.
It
may
include
an
arrangement
with
the
arbitrator
for
him
or
her
to
be
available
on
short
notice
tone
or
two
days)
and
to
render
a
quick
decision
at
the
conclusion of the hearings (sometimes an oral decision is used in these cases).


experience

rating


Experience rating is a practice whereby state unemployment offices
determine
an
employer's
unemployment
compensation
tax
rate
based
on
the

employer's previous experience in providing stable employment.

experiential

learning


Experiential
learning
means
that
participants
learn
by experiencing in the training environment the kinds of problems they face on the
job.


exposure

Exposure
means
becoming
known
by
those
who
decide
on
promotions,
transfers, and other career opportunities.


extrapolationpon



Extrapolation involves extending past rates of change into the


facilitator


A
facilitator
is
someone
who
assists
quality
circles
and
the
quality
circle
leader in identifying and solving workplace problems.
factor

comparison

method
The factor comparison method is a form of job
evaluation
that
allocates
a
part
of
each
job's
wage
to
key
factors
of
the
job.
The
result
is
a
relative evaluation of the organization's job.


fair

employment

practices


Fair
employment
practices
are
state
and
local
laws
that
prohibit
employer
discrimination
in
employment
against
members
of
protected
classes.


Fair

Labor

Standards

Act

of

1938

(FLSA)
FLSA
is
a
comprehensive
federal
law
affecting compensation management. It sets minimum wage, overtime pay, equal pay,
child labor, and record-keeping requirements.


Federal

Mediation

and

Conciliation

Service

(FMCS)
The FMCS was created
by the
Labor
Management
Relations
Act
of
1947
to
help
labor
and
management
resolve
negotiation impasses peacefully through mediation and conciliation without resort to
a strike. The FMCS also is a course of qualified labor arbitrators.


feedback
Feedback is information that helps evaluate the success or failure of an action
or system.


field

experiment


A
field
experiment
is
research
that
allows
the
researchers
to
study
employees under realistic conditions to learn how experimental and control subjects
react to new programs and to other changes.


field

review

method


The
field
review
method
requires
skilled
representatives
of
the
personnel department to go into the
Often
it
is
the
personnel
department's
representative
that
actually
fills
out
the
evaluation form after interviewing the supervisor about employee performance.


Aextime

Flextime
is
a
scheduling
innovation
that
abolishes
rigid
starting
and
ending
times
for
each
day's
work.
Instead,
employees
are
allowed
to
begin
and
end
the
workday at their discretion, usually within a range of hours.


Aexyear
Aexyear is
an employee scheduling concept that allows workers to be off the
job for part of the
year.
Employees usually work the normal work year in less than 12
months.


forced

choice

method

The
forced
choice
method
of
employee
performance
evaluation
requires the rater to choose the most descriptive statement in each pair of statements
about the employee being rated.


forecasts


Forecasts predict the organization's future needs.


four-fifths

rule


The four-fifths rule is a test used by the EEOC. When the election ratio
of protected-class applicants is less than 80 percent (or four-fifths) of the selection
ratio for majority applicants, adverse impact is assumed .


fully

insured

workers


Fully insured workers are employees who have contributed 40
quarters (10 years) to social security.


Functional
authority


Functional
authority
allows
staff
experts
to
make
decisions
in
specified circumstances that are usually reserved for line managers.


funded plan

Funded

plans

require

an

employer

to

accumulate

moneys

in

advance

so

that

the

organization's

contribution

plans

plus

interest

will cover

its

obligation.


funded retirement plans

A funded

retirement

plan

is

one

in

which

the

employer

sets

aside

sufficient

money

to

meet

the

future

pay out

requirements.


gainsharing
Gainsharing

matches

an

improvement

(gain)

in

company

performance

to

some

distribution

(sharing)

of

the

benefits

with

employees.


golden
parachutes
Golden

parachutes

are

agreements

by

the

company

to
compensate

executives

with

bonuses

and

benefits

if

they

should

be

displaced

by

a
merger

or

acquisition.


grapevine communication

Grapevine

communication

is

an

informal

system that

arises

spontaneously

from

the

social

interaction

of

people

in

the organization.


grievance procedure

A grievance

procedure

is

a multistep

process

that

the employer

and

union

jointly

use

to

resolve

disputes

that

arise

under

the
terms

of

the

labor

agreement.


Griggs
v.
Duke Power Company (1971)
The

U.S.

Supreme

Court

case

held that

when

an

employment

criterion

disproportionately

discriminates against

a protected

class,

the

employer

is

required

to

show

how

the

criterion

is

job

related.


guaranteed
annual
wage
A
guaranteed

annual

wage

assures

workers

of

receiving

a
minimum

amount

of

work

or

pay

during

the

course

of

a year.


halo effect

The

halo

effect

is

a bias

that

occurs

when

a rater

allows

some information

to

disproportionately

prejudice

the

final

evaluation.


harassment
Harassment

occurs

when

a member

of

an

organization

treats

an employee

in

a disparate

manner

because

of

the

worker's

sex,

race,

religion,

age,

or

other

protected

classification.


health
maintenance
organizations
(HMOs)

HMOs

are

a
form

of

health

insurance

whereby

the

insurer

provides

the

professional

staff

and

facilities needed

to

treat

their

insured

policyholders

for

a predetermined

monthly fee.


hot-stove rule

The

hot- stove

rule

states

that

disciplinary

actions should

have the

same

characteristics

as

the

penalty

a person

receives

from

touching a hot

stove.

That

is,

the

discipline

should

be

with

warning,

immediate, consistent,

and

impersonal.


house
organs
A
house

organ

is

any

regularly

published

organizational

magazine,

newspaper,

or

bulletin

directed

to

employees.


human
resource
forecasts
Human

resource

forecasts

predict

the

organization's

future

demand

for

employees.


human
resource
planning
Human

resource

planning

systematically

forecasts
an

organization's

future

supply,

and

demand

for,

employees.


human resources
Human

resources

are

the

people

who

are

ready,

willing,
and

able

to

contribute

to

organizational

goals.

Immigration
Reform
and
Control
Act
of
1986

Employers

are

required

to
screen

out

unauthorized

aliens.

The

act

requires

an

employment

verification

systems,

a
good

faith

effort,

and

specified

record-keeping procedures.


imminent
danger
An

imminent

danger

is

a
situation

that

is

likely

to

lead

to
death

or

serious

injury

if

allowed

to

continue.


incentive
systems

Incentive

systems

link

compensation

and

performance

by
paying

employees

for

actual

results,

not

for

seniority

or

hours

worked.


indexation
Indexation

is

a method

of

estimating

future

employment

needs by

matching

employment

growth

with

some

index,

such

as

sales

growth.


industrial democracy

Industrial

democracy

refers

to

giving

employees

a larger

voice

in

making

the

work- related

decisions

that

affect

them.


industrial unions

Industrial

unions

are

labor

organizations

that

seek

to

include

all

of

an

employer's

eligible

workers

regardless

of

whether

they

are
skilled,

semiskilled,

or

unskilled.


in-house
complaint
procedures

In-house

complaint

procedures

are

organizationally

developed

methods

for

employees

to

register

their

complaints about

various

aspects

of

the

organization.


job
analysis
Job

analysis

systematically

collects,

evaluates,

and

organizes
information

about

jobs.


job analysis
schedule

Job

analysis

schedules

are

checklists

or

questionnaires that

seek

to

collect

information

about

jobs

in

a
uniform

manner.

(They
are

also

called

job

analysis

questionnaires.)


job
banks
Job

banks

exist

in

state

employment

offices.

They

are

used

to
match

applicants

with

job

openings.


job code
A job

code

uses

numbers,

letters,

or

both

to

provide

a quick

summary

of

the

job

and

its

content.


job
description

A
job

description

is

a
written

statement

that

explains

the
duties,

working

conditions,

and

other

aspects

of

a specified

job.


job enlargement
Job

enlargement

means

adding

more

tasks

to

a job

in

order to

increase

the

job

cycle.


job
enrichment
Job

enrichment

means

adding

more

responsibilities,

autonomy,

and

control

to

a job.


job
evaluations

Job

evaluations

are

systematic

procedures

to

determine

the
relative

worth

of jobs.


job families

Job

families

are

groups

of

different

jobs

that

require

similar skills.


Job-Flo
Job-Flo

is

a
monthly

report

of

frequently

listed

openings

from

job
banks

throughout

the

country.


job grading
Job

grading

is

a form

of

job

evaluation

that

assigns

jobs

to

predetermined

classifications

according

to

the

job's

relative

worth

to

the

organization.

This

technique

is

also

called

the

job

classification

method.

Jobholder reports
Jobholder

reports

are

reports

to

employees

about

the firm's

economic

performance.


Job Information Service
The

Job

Information

Service

is

a feature

of

state employment

security

agencies

that

enables

job

seekers

to

review

job

bank listings

in

their

efforts

to

find

employment.


job instruction training
Job

instruction

training

is

training

received

directly on

the

job.

It

is

also

called

on-the- job-training.


job performance standards
Job

performance

standards

are

the

work

requirements

that

are

expected

from

an

employee

on

a particular

job.


job
posting
Job

posting

informs

employees

of

unfilled

job

openings

and

the qualifications

for

these

jobs.


job progression ladder
A job

progression

ladder

is

a particular

career

path where

some

jobs

have

prerequisites.


job
ranking
Job

ranking

is

one

form

of

job

evaluation

that

subjectively

ranks
jobs

according

to

their

overall

worth

to

the

organization.


job rotation
Job

rotation

is

the

process

of

moving

employees

from

one

job to

another

in

order

to

allow

them

more

variety

on

their

jobs

and

the
opportunity

to

learn

new

skills.


job
satisfaction

Job

satisfaction

is

the

favorableness

or

unfavorableness

with
which

employees

view

their

work.


job sharing
Job

sharing

is

a scheduling

innovation

that

allows

two

or

more workers

to

share

the

same

job,

usually

by

each

working

part-time.


job specifications
A job

specification

describes

what

a job,

demands

of

employees

who

do

it

and

the

human

skills

that

are

required.


Job
Training
Partnership
Act
of
1983
This

act

provides

federal

funds

to

authorized

training

contractors,

often

city

or

state

government

agencies. These

moneys

are

used

to

train

people

in

new,

employable

skills.

(It

replaces

the

Comprehensive

Education

and

Training

Act

of

1973.)


joint
study
committees

Joint

study

committees

include

representatives

from management

and

the

union

who

meet

away

from

the

bargaining

table

to study

some

topic

of

mutual

interest

in

the

hope

of

finding

a
Solution

that
is

mutually

satisfactory.


juniority

Juniority

provisions

require

that

layoffs

be

first

offered

to

senior workers

who

may

accept

or

refuse

them.

If

sufficient

senior

workers

do not

accept

the

layoffs,

then

management

is

free

to

lay

off

the

least

senior workers.


key jobs
Key

jobs

are

those

that

are

common

in

the

organization

and

in

its labor

market.


labor
agreement

A
labor

agreement,

which

is

also

called

a
labor

contract,

is
a
legal

document

that

is

negotiated

between

the

union

and

the

employer. It

states

the

terms

and

conditions

of

employment.

laboratory training

Laboratory

training

is

a form

of

group

training

primarily used

to

enhance

interpersonal

skills.


Labor
Management
Relations
Act
of

1947

(LMRA)

The

LMRA,

also

know
as

the

Taft-Hartley

Act,

amended

the

National

Labor

Relations

Act

of1935

by

designing

specific

union

actions

that

were

considered

to

be

unfair labor

practices.

The

act

also

created

the

Federal

Mediation

and

Conciliation

Service

and

enabled

the

president

of

the

United

States

to

call

for injunctions

in

national

emergency

strikes.


Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (LMRDA)

The

LMRDA,

also

called

the

Landrum-Griffin

Act,

amended

the

National

Labor

Relations

Act.

It

created

the

union

members'



of

rights

by

giving

union

members

certain

rights

in

dealing

with

their

union.

The

law also

established

detailed

reporting

requirements

for

those

who

handle union

funds.


labor market

The

labor

market

is

the

area

in

which

the

employer

recruits.


labor
market
analysis

Labor

market

analysis

is

the

study

of

the

employee's
labor

market

to

evaluate

the

present

or

future

availability

of

workers.


Landrum-Griffin Act

See

Labor-Management

Reporting

and

Disclosure

Act of

1959.


law
of
effect
(Thorndike's
law)

The

law

of

effect

states

that

people

learn

to
repeat

behaviors

that

have

favorable

consequences,

and

they

learn

to avoid

behaviors

that

have

unfavorable

consequences.


layoffs

Layoffs

are

the

separation

of

employees

from

the

organization

for economic

or

business

reasons.


learning
curve

A
learning

curve

is

a
visual

representation

of

the

rate

at
which

one

learns

given

material

through

time.

-美丽的万物

-美丽的万物

-美丽的万物

-美丽的万物

-美丽的万物

-美丽的万物

-美丽的万物

-美丽的万物