代词的用法详解
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2021年01月24日 02:36
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代词的用法详解
代词分为:人称代词;物主代词;反身代词;相互代词;指示代词; 疑问代词;关系代词;连接代词;不定代词。
Ⅰ
.
人称代词
主格:
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
宾格:
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
1.
人称代词的用法
1
)作主语(作主语时用主格)
We love our country.
我们热爱我们的祖国。
You cannot eat your cake and have it.
鱼与熊掌不可兼得。
2
)作宾语(作宾语时用宾格)
Winnie is a nice girl. We all like her.
温妮是个好姑娘。我们都喜欢她。
T
ell him to call back later.
告诉他过一会儿回电话。
3
)作表语(在口语中用宾格)
If I were her, I would stay.
要是我是她,我就留下来。
Don
’
t blame Tom. It
’
s me who broke it.
别怪汤姆,是我打破的。
2.
人称代词的宾格代替主格的几种场合
1
)在日常生活中,人称代词作表语时,常用代词的宾格。
A: Who is knocking at the door?
谁在敲门呀?
B: It
’
s me.
是我。
2
)口语中,当人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句子中作 主语时,常用代词的
宾格。
A: I don
’
t want to go to the theater tonight.
今晚我不想去剧院。
B: Me neither.
我也不想去。
A: I
’
d like to stay here for another week.
我想在这里再呆一周。
B: Me too.
我也是。
3
)在带
as
和
than
的比较级后面,许多场合下用代词的宾格。
She knows me as well as him.
她像了解他一样了解我。
He is taller than me.
他比我高。
4
)口语中,当人称代词用于带有强烈感情色彩的句子中作主语且其后不带宾
语时,多 用代
词的宾格。
A: You ought to do it at once.
你应该马上做。
B: What? Me!
什么?我!
3.
多个人称代词并列时的顺序
在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,其排列的顺序主要有如下几种情况:
1
)
单数的场合
you
+
he/she
+
I
You, he and I will go shopping tomorrow.
你,他和我明天将去购物。
2
)
复数的场合
we
+
you
+
they
We, you and they are all Chinese.
我们,你们和他们都是中国人。
3
)
男女两性并列场合
he
+
she
He and she don
’
t agree with me.
他和她不同意我的看法。
4
)
承认错误或承担责任时
I
+
he/she
+
you
I and he are to blame for the accident.
我和他应为这次事故承担责任。
注意:
You and I
是固定结构,即使是在承认过失时,词序也不变。
You and I are to blame.
我和你应为此负责。
和
she
的特殊用法
he
可指代雄性动物或庞大而又威猛之物。
she
可指代雌性动物 或柔弱,优美之物,也可代表拟人化说法中的国家,月
亮,汽车,轮船等无生命的东西,以表达其喜爱或 亲切之情。
1)
The fierce tiger came at the monkey, but he missed her. (he
指
tiger
,
her
指
monkey)
凶猛的老虎向猴子扑来,可没扑到。
2)
China will always do what she has promised to do.
中国将始终履行自己的诺言。
3)
The
moon
loses
her
brilliance
when
the
sun
makes
his
appearance.
太阳一出来,月亮就失去了她的光辉。
4)
She was Titanic, a ship which was said never to sink.
她就是泰坦尼克号,据说是一艘永不沉没的船。
5.
报刊的编辑和文章的作者,在发表观点时,常用
we
代替
I
(同样地,用
our
代替
my
)
1)
We believe that China will still make greater progress.
我们相信中国将会有更大的发展。
2)
In our opinion this is the best film of the year.
我们认为这是今年最好的一部电影。
, you, they
有时超出人称的区别,都可以泛指一般人,指“人们”
,单
数用
he.
1)
We never know the worth of the well till it is dry.
失去了才知道可贵。
2)
You can
’
t live without air and water
离开空气和水,人就无法生存。
3)
They say there
’
s going to be another good harvest this year.
人们说今年又将是个丰收年。
4)
He laughs best who laughs last.
谁笑到最后谁笑的最好。
6.
注意比较:
1)
I love you better than he.(I love you better than he loves you.
我比他爱你。
2
)
I love you better than him. (I love you better than I love him.
我爱你胜过爱他。
7. it
的用法
1)
指刚提到过的事物,以避免重复。
A: When did the letter come?
这封信什么时候送来的?
B: It came this morning.
今天早上送来的。
2
)指未知性别的婴儿或孩子。
What a beautiful baby, is it a boy?
多漂亮的宝宝呀,是男孩吗?
3
)指不明身份的人。
A: Who is it knocking at the door?
谁在敲门?
B: It might be the postman.
可能是邮递员。
4
)指时间或季节。
It is ten o
’
clock.
现在是十点钟。
It was nearly midnight when she came back.
她回来时已快到午夜了。
It is late autumn.
现在已是深秋了。
5
)
指天气,环境。
It
’
s raining hard outside.
外面雨下得正大。
It is noisy in here.
这里很嘈杂。
6
)
指距离。
It is half an hour
’
s walk to the city centre.
走到市中心只需半小时。
7
)
用于形式主语或形式宾语。
简单句:
It is hard to learn English well.
形式主语
真正主语
I find it hard to learn English well.
(
hard
为语补足语,
语义上的补充)
形式宾语
真正宾语
注:宾语,宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。
复合句:
I find (that) it is hard to learn English well.
(宾语从句)
主句
系表
8
)
用于强调结构中
It is/was
…
that/who
…(不作任何成分)
The students are learning grammar in the classroom now.
→
It is the students who are learning grammar in the classroom
now.
→
It is grammar that the students are learning in the classroom
now.
→
It is in the classroom that the students are learning grammar
now.
→
It
is
now
that
the
students
are
learning
grammar
in
the
classroom.
注意:在强调结构中,不能强调谓语部分。
9
)
用来代替上文提到过的句子。
You saved my life; I
’
ll never forget it.
注意:
this
上文发生过的,下文要说的事。
(通常)
that
只能指代上文说过的一个名词。
it
通常指代上文的一句话。
He bought me a shirt. I like it.
He bought me a shirt. I like that.
It
常用的固定句型:
1
)
It takes sb
…
to do
…
某人用多长时间做某事
It took the man a week to mend our roof.
这些人花了一周时间修好我们的屋顶。
2
)
It
’
s (about/high) time that
…
should
…
是该做某事的时候了
It
’
s (about/high) time that we should take action.
该是采取行动的时候了。
3
)
It
’
s the
+
序数词
+
time (that)
…
have
+
v-ed
第几次做某事了
It is the third time that he has failed the driving test.
这是他第三次没能通过驾驶考试。
4
)
It
’
s
…
since
…从…已(多长时间了)
It is five years since he stopped smoking.
他戒烟五年了。
It is five years since we last met.
从我们上次见面到现在已有五年了。
5
)
It was not
…
before
…;
It won
’
t be long before
…
用不了多长时间某动作发生了
;
过不了多久某动作将要发生
It was not long before they arrived.
It won
’
t be long before
he returns from abroad.
没过多久他们就到了。
不久以后他们就要回国。
Ⅱ物主代词
形容词性物主代词:
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名词性物主代词:
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,yours,theirs
1.
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,放在名词前作定语。
It
’
s not my computer.
那不是我的电脑。
She turned away her eyes.
她把目光移开。
Is this your coat?
这是你的大衣吗?
注:
1
)形容词性物主代词后可加
ow n
表示强调,意为“自己的,完全属
于自己的”
。
Monica has her own computer.
莫妮卡有自己的电脑。
I won
’
t believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes.
除非我亲眼看见,否则我不会相信任何事情。
2
)形容词性物主代词常用来构成固定短语,此时代词不可缺少。
try one
’
s luck
碰运气
in one
’
s opinion
依某人的观点
2.
名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前。
(名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上前面所提到的名词)
其功能如下
:
1
)
作主语:
This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.
这不是我的字典,我的借给露西了。
Our school is in the centre of city and theirs is in the suburb.
我们的学校在市中心,他们的在郊区。
2
)
作宾语:
Every person showed his ticket and I showed mine.
每个人都出示了票,我也出示了我的。
I don
’
t like her dress while I like yours.
我不喜欢她的裙子,但喜欢你的。
3
)
作表语:
This camera is mine and that is yours.
这架照相机是
我的,那是你的。
Is this backpack his or hers?
这个背包是他的,还是她的?
4
)
与
of
连用构成双重所有格作定语:
I am a great admirer of yours.
我是你的一位崇拜者。
Adeline is a friend of mine.
艾德林是我的一位朋友。
Ⅲ反身代词
表示动作对象是发出者本身。
单数:
myself`, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself.
复数:
ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
1.
反身代词的用法
1
)
作宾语
反身代词作宾语表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者自己。
I hope you will enjoy yourselves on the trip.
我希望你们旅途玩得愉快。
The little boy can dress himself now.
那个小男孩现在能自己穿衣服了。
2
)
作表语
在
be
和其他系动词如
feel,
look,
seem
之后,反身代词可以用来描
述感觉,情绪和状态。
I am not feeling myself today.
今天我感觉有点不舒服。
The poor girl in the picture is myself.
照片上这个可怜的小女孩就是我。
3
)
作同位语
反身代词在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强其语气,常位于名词或代词后,作主语的同位语时也可位于句尾。
I want to see Bob himself.
我想见鲍勃本人。
Mary worked out the problem herself.
玛丽自己做出了这道题。
2.
常用的反身代词短语
1)devote oneself to
致力于
2
)
enjoy oneself
玩得高兴
3
)
dress oneself
自己穿衣
4
)
come to oneself
恢复知觉
5
)
help oneself to
随便吃,用
6
)
hide oneself
把自己藏起来
7
)
teach oneself
自学
8
)
lose oneself
迷路
9
)
by oneself
亲自(独自地)
10
)
talk to oneself
自言自语
11
)
excuse oneself
自我辩解
12
)
be not oneself
身体不舒服
13
)
for oneself
替自己,为自己
14
)
in oneself
本身
15
)
between ourselves
私下说的话(不可告诉别人)
16) among themselves
他们之间
17) to oneself
供自己使用
注:有时,用形容词将反身代词分开。
I am still my old self.
我还是原来的我。
I
’
ll put my humble self at your service.
鄙人愿意听候您的吩咐。
Ⅳ相互代词
表示互相:
1
)
each other
两人间的相互关系,使用对象上亲密,亲切。
2
)
one another
指几个人之间的相互关系,
使用对象上疏远。
each other
和
one another
语义相同,句子成分上只能做宾语使用。
Tom and I write to each other/one another every week.
汤姆和我每周互相写信。
They gave each other/one another a present.
他们彼此赠送了礼物。
注意:
each other
和
one another
的所有格形式是在后一个词上加’
s
We often borrow each other
’
s/one another
’
s clothes.
我们常常互借衣服穿。
They have great concern for one another
’
s/each other
’
s work.
他们很关心彼此的工作。
相互代词的用法:
1
)作宾语:
Sports
can
help
people
from
different
countries
understand each other better.
体育运动可以使
来自不同国度的人们彼此了解。
We should learn from one another.
我们应该
互相学习。
2
)所有格形式作定语
You ought to respect each other
’
s choices.
你们应该相互尊重对方的选择。
They took down one another
’
s addresses.
他们彼此记下了对方的地址。
Ⅴ指示代词
1.
this, that, these, those
的用法
1
)
表示近指和远指
this, these
往往指时间或空间较近的人或物。
that, those
可指时间或空间较远的人或物。
This gift is for you and that one is for your brother.
这件礼物是你的,那件是你弟弟的。
I love these books but I don
’
t like those ones.
我喜欢这些书,但不喜欢那些。
注意:英国人打电话时,
this
指自己,
that
指对方。
Hello, this is Allan. Who is that speaking?
喂,你好!我是艾伦,你是哪位?
2
)
指刚提到过的或将要提到的事
指刚提到过的事情或已经完成的事情用
that
。
Little George broke the vase, but he didn
’
t admit it and that was very
annoying.
小乔治打碎了花瓶,自己还不承认,真是太气人了。
指即将要发生或将要提到的事情用
this.
I want to know this: Was Miss Tones here the whole morning?
我想知道的是,琼斯小姐整个上午都在这里吗?
3
)
that, those
常常用来代替上文提到过的名词,以避免重复。
that
指代不可数名词或可数名词的单数。
Life today is much better than that in the old days. (that
指代
life)
现在
的生活比过去好多了。
those
指代可数名词复数。
The
days in
summer
are longer
than
those in winter.
(those
指代
the
days)
夏天的白天比冬天的白天长。
4
)
this,
that
还可用作副词,意为“这么”
“那么”
。修饰 形容词或副词,
其用法与
so
类似。
She has never been this late for school before.
她以前上学从没有这么晚过。
She is too young to walk that far.
她太小,走不了那么远。
5
)
与表示时间的名词搭配。
this
与有些名词连用表示“目前的具体时间”
。
this morning
今天早晨
this afternoon
今天下午
this evening
今天晚上
this week
本周
this month
这个月
this spring
今年春天
that
与某些名词连用表示“过去的具体时间”
。
that morning
那天早上
that afternoon
那天下午
that evening
那天晚上
that week
那周
that month
那个月
that spring
那年春天
these
与某些名词连用表示“与目前相关的一段时间”
。
these days
如今,目前,这些天
these years
这些年
these months
这些月
those
与某些名词连用表示“与过去相关的一段时间”
。
those days
那些日子
those years
那些年
those months
那些月
注意:指示代词在句中所作得成分
1
)
主语:
This is what I want to emphasize.
这就是我想强调的。
2
)
宾语:
Better take those with you.
最好把那些带着。
3
)
表语:
My idea is this.
我的想法是这样的。
4
)
定语:
What shall I do with these flowers?
这些花怎么办?
Ⅵ疑问代词
who, whom, whose, what, which.
1.
who
指人,是主格。主要作主语或表语。
Who saw you?
谁看见你了?
Who is that girl?
那女孩是谁?
2.
whom
指人,为
who
的宾格,用作定语。
With whom did you go to the concert?
你和谁去听音乐会?
3.
whose
是用来询问某人或某物属于谁的,在句中放在名词前作定语。
Whose bicycle is this?
这是谁的自行车?
4.
what
用于对未知事物提问,主要指事物,也可以指人的职业或身份特
征,还可用 来询问价格,人口数量等。
What do you usually do on Sundays?
星期天你经常做什么?
What color do you like?
你喜欢什么颜色?
What is your father?
你父亲是做什么职业的?
注意:
1
)
What
…
for?
有时省略为
What for?
用来询问原因或目的的。
What do you spend all the money for
?
你为什么把那些钱都花光了?
What for? We still have enough food in the apartment.
为什么?在公寓里我们仍然还有足够的食物。
2
)
What if
…用来表示假设,建议,征求意见或疑虑等。
What if it rains while we are on the way?
要是旅途中下雨怎么办?
What if I go with you to the bazaar tomorrow?
明天我和你们一块去集市怎么样?
3
)
What about
…
?
表示建议或征求对方意见。
What about going to the zoo?
去动物园怎么样?
I don
’
t want to leave, what about you?
我不想走,你呢?
4
)
What do you mean
…用于向对方表示愤怒,不满等情绪。
What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly?
你这么大声关门是什么意思?
What do you mean by shouting at me?
你对着我大嚷是什么意思?
5.
which
可指人或事物,表示在某一范围内选择。
用于必须做出某种特 定的选择时,
which
后可以加
of
,而
what
则不可以。
Which color do you like better, red or yellow?
红色和黄色你更喜欢哪一种?
Ⅶ关系代词
关系代词在语义上与被修饰的名词一一照应,是对等的关系。
who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but, than
都是用来引导定语从句的,这类代词通常起着纽带的作用,把从句和它修
饰的词连接起来,同时又在从句中担任一个成分。
1)
The boy who went to the library is our monitor.
2)
The girl whom she is looking after is her neighbor.
3)
The person whose coat is green is my tablemate.
4)
I like the book which is written in English.
5)
The man that is giving a speech on the meeting is our dean.
6)
As is expected, he failed the exam.
正如所料,他考试不及格。
7)
There is nothing in the classroom but interested him.
教室里的一切都使他产生了兴趣。
8)
They talk about less anxiety than exists in their life.
他们谈论着生活中感到有点焦虑的事。
1.
关系代词在句中所作成分:
1
)
The girl who spoke is my best friend.
(作主语)
讲话的女孩是我最好的朋友。
2
)
The man whom I bought it from told me to oil it.
(作宾语)
卖它给我的人让我给它擦油。
3)
A mental patient is one whose mind is diseased.
(作定语)
精神病人是脑子有病的人。
4)
He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
(作主语)
想吃果子的人就得爬树。
5)
She was not in the train which arrived just now.
(作主语)
她不在刚到的那列火车上。
注意:
(
1
)把它们称作关系代词是因为它们有关联作用,把引起的从句和所
修饰的词联系起来。这种 从句可称作关系从句,由于它修饰一个名
词或代词,因而也称作定语从句。
指人时:
who whom
指物时:
that which
(在紧 跟介词时只能用
which
,
不能用
that.
)
The
documents
for
which
they
were
searching
have
been
recovered.
他们找寻的文件已经找到了。
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long time.
这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。
(
2
)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,
that
常可省略。
Those books (that) you lent me were very useful.
你借给我的那些书很有用。
Here is the car (that) I told you about.
这就是我跟你谈到的那辆车。
She has everything (that) she could wish for.
她想要的东西全有了。
2.
“
as, but, than
”的用法
1
)
as
:
as
在九大代词中,只能作关系代词,引导定语从句。