现在完成时的学习
玛丽莲梦兔
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2021年01月25日 00:48
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集合的含义与表示-
现在完成时的学习
一．
基本结构：助动词
have/has+
过去分词
(done)
二．
句型：
否定句：主语
+have/has+not +
过去分词
+
其他
.
一般疑问句：
Have/Has+< br>主语
+
过去分词
+
其他
.
简略答语
: Yes,
主语
+ have/has.(
肯定
)
No,
主语
+ haven't/hasn't.(
否定
)
三．用法
（
1
）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
I have spent all of my money (so far).(
含义是
:
现在我没有钱花了
.)
Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (
含义：郭子君现在在这儿
)
My father has gone to work.(
含义是
:
我爸爸现在不在这儿
)
（< br>2
）现在完成
时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的
,
持续到现在的动 作（用行为动词表示）
或状态（
be
动词表示）常与
for
（
+
时间段）
,since
（
+
时间点或过去时的句子）
连 用
.
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
③since+时段
+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
●⑤It is+时段
+since+
从句（过去时）
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
四．
has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)
的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :
去了
(
现在不在说话现场
)
Where is your father
？
He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :
去过（已不在去过的地方）
My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in
：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
My father has been in Shanghai
for two months. /since two months ago.
五．现在完成时的标志
1.
现在完成时 的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响
,
用以下四大
标志词可以表达这种含义< br>:
*
以
already, just
和
yet
为标志
He has already got her help.
他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film.
他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet.
他还没有回来。
*
以
ever
和
never
为标志
This is the best film I have ever seen.
这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电
影。
He has never been to Beijing.
他从没有到过北京。
*
以动作发生的次数为标志
He says he has been to the USA three times.
他说他已经去过美国三次
了。
*
以
so far
（
到目前为止）
为标
+before
He has got to Beijing so far.
到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far.
到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.
过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在
,
甚至有可能继续延续下去
,
我们可以
从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手
,
进一步学习 现在完成时。
*
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（过去
从句）为标志
注意：
1)
现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用
,
如
yesterday, last
week, three years ago
等
; 2)
不能与
when
连用
2.
现在完成时往往同表示不
确定的过去时间状语连用
六．过去分词
1
、
规则动词
：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的
构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)
、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit--- visited---visited
(2)
、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived ---lived ,
(3)
、以“辅音字母
+
y
”结尾的动词，将
变为
，再加“
ed
”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)
、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加
“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2
、
不规则动词
：
AAA
型
原型
过去式
过去分词
burst burst burst
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
cast cast cast
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
put put put
set set set
shut shut shut
spread spread spread
read read read read
原形发音为
/ri:d/,
过去式和过去分词发音为
/red/
AAB
型
beat beat beaten
ABA
型
become became become
run ran run
come came come
特殊情况
ABB
型
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
burn burnt burnt
catch caught caught
dig dug dug
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
lay laid laid
lead led led
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
sell sold sold
shoot shot shot
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
sweep swept swept
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
win won won
ABC
型
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
draw drew drawn
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk
fly flew flown
forgive forgave forgiven
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
grow grew grown
know knew known
ride rode ridden
rise rose risen
ring rang rung
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
swim swam swum
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
七．
瞬间动词
（
buy, die, join, come
，go ,leave, join ……）不能直接与
for since
连用。要改变动词
buy----have borrow -----keep
come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in
go out----be out leave ----be away
begin-----be on finish----be over
open----be open close -----be closed
die----be dead
★
代替
buy
My
brother
has
had(
不能用
has
bought)
this
bike
for
almost
four
years.
★2、用
keep
或
have
代替
borrow
I have kept(
不能用
have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
★3、用
be
替代
become
How long has your sister been a teacher?