将来完成时 虚拟 现在完成时

别妄想泡我
972次浏览
2021年01月25日 00:56
最佳经验
本文由作者推荐

二泉吟歌词-

2021年1月25日发(作者:分辩)
将来完成时

定义



将来完成时用来表示在将 来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动
作。
经常与
before+
将来时间 或
by+
将来时间连用,
也可与
before

by
the
time
引导的
现在
时的从句连用。

构成



will/shall+have+
完成式用于 第一人称,
will+have+
完成式用于其他
人称。

实例



a.
状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。



b.
动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的
动作或已获得 的经验。



They will have been married for 20 years by then.



You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.



将来完成时的构成



将来完成时的构成是由

过去分词

构成的。



Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.


不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。



He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old
classmates.


他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同学了。



Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?



到下个月你认识
凯文
该有
10
年了吧?



将来完成时的用法



①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产
生影响。



We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.



到这个学期末,我们将学完
12
个单元。



By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top
to bottom.


你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。



②表示推测,相当于

结构。



You will have heard of this, I guess.


我想你已经听说过这件事了。










I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息

③.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间

we will have been married a year on june 25th


6

25
日我们俩结婚就满
1
年了

虚拟语气

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,
而不表示客观存在的 事实,
所说的
是一个条件,
不一定是事实,
或与事实相反。
虚拟语气 通过谓语动词的特殊形式
来表示。
英语
中的语气分为陈述语气、
祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。

应用条件



在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,


表示主观 愿望或某种强烈情感时,
也用虚拟语气。
即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基
于自 己的主观想法,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。

在非真实条件状语从句中的
用法

真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句



条件句可分为两类, 一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表
示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用 虚拟语气。




eg





If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.
如果他不快点,
他将错过巴士。
(
真实
)



If he
is
free, he will
ask
me
to tell stories.
如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。
(真实)




If I were you, I would go at once.
如果我是你,我马上就会去。

(非真实,虚拟语
气)




If there were no air, people would die.
如果没有空气,人就会死亡。
(非真实,虚
拟语气)


用法及动词形式



1
、表示与现在事实相反的情况:




从句:
主语
+
过去时




主句:
主语
+should/would/could/might+do




例:





I were you, I would take an umbrella.



如果我是你,我会带把伞。
(事实:我不可能是你)




I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.



如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。
(事实:不知道)




there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the eart
h.



如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。
(
事实:地球上既有空气也有水
)



I had any money with me, I could lend you some.



如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。
(事实:没带钱)




he studied harder, he might pass the exam.



如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。
(事实:没有努力)





2
、表示与过去事实相反的情况




从句:
主语
+had done




主句:
主语
+should/would/could/might+have done





例:




1. If I had gotten there earlier, I should/could have met her.
如果我早到那儿,我就
会见到她。




(事实:去晚了)




he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的
劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。




(事实:没有听我的话)




3
、表示对将来情况的主观推测




从句:

if+
主语
+
were to do
主句:
①主语
+should/would/could/might+do





if+
主语
+
did/were

②主语
+should/would/could/might+do






if+
主语
+
should+do

③主语
+should/would/could/might+do





例:




he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.



如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。

(事实:来的可能性很小)




there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.



如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。
(事实:不知能否下雪)




she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.



如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。




4


有时,
虚拟条件句
中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动 作若不是同时发生时,
虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整





①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不





如:




If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.



如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了




If they had informed us, we would not come here now.



如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。




②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符





如:




If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.



如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。




If he knew her, he would have greeted her.



要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。




5


当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有
were, should, had
时,
if
可以省略,这时条件
从句要用倒装语序,即将
were, should, had
等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。




如:




Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.



要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。




Were she here, she would agree with us.



如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。




Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.



如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。




6
、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上
下文或 其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在
短语中,如
wit hout…., but for….





如:




But for his help, we would be working now.



要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。




Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.



要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。




We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.



我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。




7


有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的 一种
强烈的感情





①省略从句




He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。




You could have passed this exam.
你应该能通过这次考试了。




②省略主句




If I were at home now.
要是我现在在家里该多好啊。




If only I had got it.
要是我得到它了该多好啊。



虚拟语气(
Subjunctive Mood)
的其他用法

用在
wish
后的宾语从句



a
、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式




eg. I wish I
had
your brains.



我希望我有你那样的头脑。
(
事实:我根本比不上你
)



b
、表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:
had+done




eg:.I wish I
had known
the truth of the matter.



我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。
(事实:原来不知道)




c
、表示将来难以实现的愿望




谓语动词:
should/would +
动词原形




eg. I wish I
should have
a chance again.



我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。
(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)




(
注:
if only

as if/as though
也有相同用法)


用在目的状语从句中



1.

for
fear
that,
in
case,
lest
引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:
should +
动词原形。并且

should
不能省略





She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.



她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。




He started out earlier lest he should be late.



他很早就出发了以防迟到。




2


so that, in order that
所引导的目的状语从句中,
从句中的谓语为:
can / may
/ could / might / will / would / should +
动词原形。




He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
他走近说话的人以便
能听得更清楚。




He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.
他把信读得很仔
细以便不漏掉一个单词。


其他用法



1
、一想要
(
desire)
二宁愿
(
prefer
)
三命令
(
order. command
)
四建议
(
advice. suggest.
propose)
五要求
(
demand. require. request.
)
中,无论主句谓语动词为何种
时态,从句的 谓语动词都用


should +
动词原形

或只用

动词原形






如:




He
suggested
that we
(should) take
the teacher’s advice.



He
insisted
that we
(should) take
the teacher’s advice.



He
demand
that we
(should) take
the teacher’s advice.



He
ordered
that we
(should) take
the teacher’s advice.



insist
如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气;翻译成坚持某种观 点就不用虚拟
语气。





如:
He insist he is a student.



他坚持说他是个学生。




这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。




suggest
意为

建议

才用虚拟语气,意 为

暗示

则不用虚拟语气。




如:

His face suggests that he looks worried .



他的表情暗含着他很担心。




这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。




2




.
















.

:necessary
、< br>important

impossible

natural

strange

surprising

funny

right

wrong

better

a pity
等。





句型:
It
is.......that
+
主语从句
,从句的谓语动词都要用
should+
原型

或只用
动词原型。




3



even if, even though
所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟 语气,主句、
从句的结构与
if
所引导的条件从句结构相同
。如:




Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.



即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。
(事实:他没来)




Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.



即使华佗在世也救不了他。
(事实:华佗不在世)




4



whatever

whichever

whenever

whoever, wherever

however, no matter
wh-word
等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:




指现在或将来:

may +
动词原形





如:




We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.



不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。




We will find him wherever he may be.



无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。




I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.



不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。




指过去:

may +
完成式












You mustn’t be proud whatever great progress you may have made.



不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。




We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.



不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。




5
、一般
would rather, had rather, would so oner
等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观
事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气 的结构为:









过去

had +
过去分词




现在

过去时
(be

were )



将来

过去时
(be

were )



如:




I’d rather you
had seen
the film yesterday.



我倒想你
昨天
看过了这场电影。




I’d rather you
were here
now.



我倒想你
现在
在这儿。




We’d rather you
went here
tomorrow.



我们倒想你
明天
去那儿




6

虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:

早该做某事了

时,定 语从句中的谓
语动词须用虚拟语气,
其虚拟语气的结构为:
It is (high / about) time that +
主语
+

词的过去式
/ should +
动词原形,即从句用虚拟过去式










It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.



我该去学校接我的女儿了。




It is high time you should go to work.



你早该上班了。




7


简单句中的虚拟语气





1


说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用 虚拟语气。其
虚拟语气的结构形式常为:
would / could / might / should +
动词原形





如:




Would you mind my shutting the door?



我把门关起来你介意吗?




You should always learn this lesson by heart.



你要把这个教训牢记于心。




I should agree with you.



我应该同意你的观点。





2


表示

祝愿

时,常用
may +
主语
+
动词原形





如:




May you have a good journey!



祝你一路顺风。




May your youth last for ever!



祝你青春永驻。





3

表示强烈的

愿望



祝愿

时,常用
动词原形





如:




Long live the Communist Party of China.



中国共产党万岁。




God bless us.



上帝保佑。





4


习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。







提出请求或邀请。
如:




Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?



今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?




Could I use your bike now?



我可以用一下你的单车吗?






陈述自己的观点或看法。
如:




I should glad to meet you.



见到你我会很高兴。




I would try my best to help you.



我会尽力帮助你。




③提出劝告或建议
。如:




You’d better ask your father first.



你最好先问一问你的父亲。




You should make a full investigation of it first.



你应该先全面调查一番。






提出问题。
如:




Do you think he could get here on time?



你认为他能按时来吗?




Do you expect he would tell us the truth?



你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?






表示对过去情况的责备时,
常用虚拟语气。
其虚拟语气的结构为:
情态动词

+
have +
过去分词





如:




You should have got here earlier.
你应该早就到这里了。




You should have returned it to him.
你应该把它还给他了。




8
、虚拟语气在方 式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之
方式状语从句
词条。


四、省略的虚拟条件句型

省略连词
if


有 时可将条件从句的连词
if
省略,但此时应用倒装句型,即将从句中的
were,
should, had
等提到句首:




Were I Tom, I would refuse.
如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。




I will go, should it be necessary.
假若有必要,我会去的。




Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time.
若不是天气坏,
我们就准时到达了。




【注】






若条件从句为否定句 ,
否定词
not
应置于主语之后,
而不能与
were, should, had
等缩略成
Weren’t, Shouldn’t, Hadn’t
而置于句首。






有时省略
if
后提前的
had
不是助动词:




Had I time, I would come.
假若我有时间,我会来的。
(=If I had time…)

省略条件句的主语和其后的动词
be


若主从句主语一致,且谓 语部分包含有动词
be
,通常可将主语和动词
be
省略:




If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down.



要是早点儿修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。
(=If it had been repaired earlier…)

省略
“it+be”



If necessary, I would send more farm- hands to help you.



如果需要的话我会派更多的民工去帮你。
(=If it was necessary, I would…)

省略整个条件从句



这样的省略通 常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意
思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的:< br>



I
might
see
her
personally.
It
would
be
better.
我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。
(=…If I saw her personally, it
would be better.)

在含蓄条件句中的用法



(1)
条件暗含在短语中。如:




We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.



我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我 们就会给他打电话。
(暗含条件是
otherwise





Without your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.



没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。




(暗含条件是介词短语
without your help





But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment.



如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。
(暗含条件是
but for your help





It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.



不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。




(暗含条件是
not to lubricate the bearing immediately





(2)
条件暗含在上下文中。如:




I would not have done it that way.



我是不会那么做的。
(可能暗含
if I were you





I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.



我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。
(可能暗含
if I hadn’t been so busy.





You might come to join us in the discussion.



你可以参加我们的讨论。
(可能暗含
if you wanted to





I would have bought the DVD player.



我是会买下那台影碟机的。
(可能暗含
if I had the money





But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.



要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。
(可能暗含
if it had not been for the storm

























现在完成时

现在
完成时(
Present perfect

过去
发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响
或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持 续到现在的动作或状态。




补充

句型



基本结构:
主语
+have/has+
动词的
过去分词
(p.p) e.g done


< br>①
肯定句
:主语
+have/has+
动词
的过去分词
(p.p)+
宾语
.




否定句
:主语
+have/has+not+
动词的过去分词
(p.p)+
宾语.




一般疑问句

Have/Has +
主语
+
动词的过去分词
(p.p)+
宾语
.

二泉吟歌词-


二泉吟歌词-


二泉吟歌词-


二泉吟歌词-


二泉吟歌词-


二泉吟歌词-


二泉吟歌词-


二泉吟歌词-