和谐社会作文-

2021年1月25日发(作者：那样的你)
定义


过去完成时
(past
perfect)
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。


它表
示句子中描述的动作发生在
“
过去的过去
”
。


基本结构



主语
+had+
过去分词
vpp.(done)



①肯定句：主语
+had+
过去分词
.



②否定句：主语
+had+not+
过去分词
.



③一般疑问句：
Had+
主语
+
过去分词
?



肯定回答：
Yes,
主语
+had.



否定回答：
No,
主语
+had
not
.



④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组
+
一 般疑问句（
Had+
主语
+
过去分词）？


基本用法



（
1
）
表示在过去某一时 刻或动作以前完成了的动作，
也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。
即
“
过< br>去的过去
”
。
可以用
by,
before
等介词短 语或一个时间状语从句来表示，
也可以用一个表示过去的动作
来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示 。



例如：

By
nine
o’clock
last
night,
we
had
got
200
pictures
from
th
e
spaceship.
到昨晚
9
点钟，
我们已经收到
200
飞船发来的图片。




（
2
）表示由 过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和
for,
since
构成
的时间状语连用。




例如：

I
had
been
at
the
bus
stop
for
20
minutes
when
a
bus
finally
came.



当车来的时候，我在车站已等了
20
分钟。





He
said
he
had
worked
in
that
factory
since
1949.



他说自从
1949
年以来他就在那家工厂工作。




（
3
）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或 补述以前发生的动作
时，常使用过去完成时。




例如：

Mr.
Smith
died
yesterday.
He
had
been
a
good
friend
of
mine.



史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。




I
didn’t
know
a
thing
about
the
verbs,
for
I
had
not
studied
my
lesson.

我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。


（
4
） 在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

例如：

I
returned
the
book
that
I
had
borrowed.



我已归还了我借的书。




She
found
the
key
that
she
had
lost.



她丢失的钥匙找到了。




（
5
）过去完成时常常用在
told,said,kn ew,heard,thought
等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，
这时从句中的动作 发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。




例如：

He
said
that
he
had
known
her
well.
他说他很熟悉她。




I
thought
I
had
sent
the
letter
a
week
before.

我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。





（
6
）

状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前， 用过去完成时；发生在后，
用一般过去时。




如
when,before,after,as
soon
as,till/until
引导的




例如：

When
I
woke
up,
it
had
already
stopped
raining.



我醒来时雨已停了。




She
didn’t
go
to
bed
until
she
had
finished
her
work.

她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。





注意： 如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含
before
和
af ter
的复
合句中，因为

这

时从句的动作和主句的动作 发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时
代替过去完成时。



例如：

After
he
arrived
in
England,
Marx
worked
hard
to
improve
his
English.



马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。




（
7
）动词
think,
want,
hope,
mean,
plan,
intend
等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现 的想法，
希望，打算或意图等。




例如：

They
had
wanted
to
help
but
could
not
get
there
in
time.



他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。




We
had
hoped
to
be
able
to
come
and
see
you
.

我们本来希望能来看看你。


（
8
）过去完成时还可用在
hardly…when…,
no
sooner…than…,
It
was
the
first
(second,
etc)
ti
me
(that)…
等固定句型中。




例如：
Hardly
had
he
begun
to
speak
when
the
audience
interrupted
him.



他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。




No
sooner
had
he
arrived
than
he
went
away
again.



他刚到就又走了。




It
was
the
third
time
that
he
had
been
out
of
work
that
year.



这是他那一年第三次失业了。





时间状语




before,when,after,by+,until,
once,had
no
sooner……than
，
yet
，
alread y
等。


过去完成时
-
语法判定



1.
由时间状语来判定




一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：




（

1
）

by
+
过去的时间点。如：




I
had
finished
reading
the
novel
by
nine
o'clock
last
night.



（

2
）

by
the
end
of
+
过去的时间点。如：




We
had
learned
over
two
thousand
English
words
by
the
end
of
last
term.



（

3
）

before
+
过去的时间点。如：




They
had
planted
six
hundred
trees
before
last
Wednesday.



2.
由
“
过去的过去
”
来判定。




过去完成时表示
“
过去的过去
”
，是指过去某 一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关
系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时 。这种用法常出现在：




（

1
）宾语从句中




当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且 从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在
to
ld,
said,
knew,
heard,
thought
等动词后的宾语从句。如：




She
said
that
she
had
seen
the
film
before.



（

2
）状语从句中




在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用
过去完成 时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：




After
he
had
finished
his
homework,
he
went
to
bed.



注意：

before,
after
引导的时间状语从句中，由于

before
和

after
本身已表达了动作的先后关
系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、 从句都用一般过去时。如：




After
he
closed
the
door,
he
left
the
classroom.



（
3
）表示意向的动词，如
hope,
wish,
expect,
think,
intend,
mean,
s uppose
等，用过去完成时表
示

原本
…
，未能
…



We
had
hoped
that
you
would
come,
but
you
didn't.



3.
根据上、下文来判定。




I
met
Wang
Tao
in
the
street
yesterday.
We
hadn't
seen
each
other
since
he
went
to
Beijing.
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发 生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，
与现在有关，其结构为
“
助动词

have
(has)
+
过去分词
”
；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去
时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去， 更强调
“
过去的过去
”
，只有和过去某时或某动作相比
较时，才用到 它。




比较：
I
have
learned
1000
English
words
so
far.
到目前为止我已经学会了

1000
个英语单词。


I
had
learned
1000
English
words
till
then.
到那时为止我已经学会了

1000
个英语单词。




—

I'm
sorry
to
keep
you
waiting.
对不起，让你久等了。




—

Oh,
not
at
all.
I
have
been
here
only
a
few
minut es.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（
“
等
”
的动
作从过去某 一时间点持续到现在）


二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别



虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：





1.
时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调< br>“
过去的过去
”
；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的
时间。




比较：
They
had
arrived
at
the
station
by
ten
yesterday.



They
arrived
at
the
station
at
ten
yesterday.



2.
在没有明确的过去时 间状语作标志时，
谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：
先
发生的用过去 完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。




She
was
very
happy.
Her
whole
family
were
pleased
with
her,
too.
She
had
just
won
the
firs
t
in
the
composition
competition.



3.
当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用

and
或

but
连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来
代替过去完成时；另外，在

before
，

after
，

as
soon
as
引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表
示出时间的先后， 因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。


He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening pape
r.








1.
单项选择

1
．
He asked me ____ during the summer holidays.



A. where I had been







B. where I had gone




C. where had I been







D. where had I gone

2. What ___ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?



A. did, do







B. has,

done





C did, did.








D. had,

done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten
。



A. learned






B. was learning





C. had learned







D. learnt
4. She ______lived here for ______ years.


A. had,

a few








B. has,

several





C. had,

a lot of






D. has,

a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I ____ the dinner already.


A had cooked





B. cooked






C. have cooked




D. was cooked
6. She said she __________ the principle already


A .has seen







B. saw









C. will see









D. had seen
7. She said her family ______ themselves ______ the army during the war.


A. has hidden, from






B. had hidden, from




C. has hidden, with






D. had hidden, with
8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.


A. has completed university














B. has completed the university


B. had completed an university











D. had completed university
9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.


A. for















B. in














C. by













D. at

10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.


A had learned, piano






















B. had learned, the piano



C. has learned, the piano


















D. learns ,piano.

11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?


A. did, do








B. did, did







C. has, done








D. had done

12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.



A. has worked





B. works








C. had worked







D. will work
13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.



A. has completed



B. completed


C. will complete

D. Had completed
14. Ben hates playing _____ violin,

but he likes playing ____ football.



A. a…the









B. the… the






C. / …the










D. the…/

15. By the time he was 4,

he ______ a lot of German words.



A. had learned





B. has learned





C. learned










D. learns

16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.



A. was left








B. had left








C. has left










D. left

_________ in Guangzhou since 2000.



A. lived










B. had lived







C. have lived





D. were living
18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.


A. has arrived





B. was arriving




C. arrived







D. had arrived

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