现在完成时语法详细讲解
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2021年01月25日 01:06
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英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题
一、现在完成时用来表示之前已 发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的
动作或状态。
其构成 :
have (has) +
过去分词。
规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,
在动词词尾加
ed;
不
规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学记忆。
现以
see the film
为例将现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句列表如下:
肯定句:
I/You/We/They have seen the film.
He/She /It has seen the film.
否定句:
I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film.
He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film.
疑问句:
Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they ha
ven’t.
Has he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has.
No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.
二、用法:现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在。
1
标志词
already
ever
never
(ever)since
for
just
yet
recently
once, twice, a few times
during/over /in
the past/last +
一段时间
It’s the first time I …
词义
已经
曾经
从未,从来不
自从
后接一段时间
刚刚,正好
还
最近
几次
在过去的一段时间里
这是我第一次
…
用法
肯定句
疑问句、肯定句
陈述句,
不和
not
连用
肯定、疑问、否定
肯定、疑问、否定
肯定句
疑问句、否定
肯定、否定、疑问句
肯定、疑问
肯定、疑问、否定
肯定
位置
句中或句末
句中
句中
句中
句中
句中
句末
句末
句末
句末
句前
用法一:
表示过去发 生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
常与
just
(
刚刚)< br>,
already
(已经)
,
never
(从来没有),ever
(曾经),
before
(以前),
yet
(仍然),
once
(一次),
twice
(两次),
many times
(很多次)
,
how many times
(多少次)
,
so far
(迄今为止)
,
during the past
(
last
)
three years
(最近三年来)
等连用。
※
副词的位置:①
just
常用于肯定句中,放在
have / has
后,
He has just come .
②
never
表示否定
,
放在
have / has
后
, He has never visited the Great Wall.
③
ever
用于疑问句中
,
句型为
: Have / Has
+主语+
ever
+过去分词?
“…
曾经
……
过吗?
”
用于询问某人过去
的经历。
Have you ever been to the farm
?
④
before
用于句末,
The woman has never heard of that before.
⑤
yet
用于句末或
not
之后
.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
⑥
already
用于肯定句
, have / has
之后或句末
.We have already finished it.
⑦
so far
用于句首或句末
. So far, we have visited the moon.
用法二:表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有:
①
for
+表示一段时间的词语
I have taught English for 19 years
。
②
since
+表示过去时间点的词语
He has been at this school since 1986.
③
since
+表示过去的时间状语从句
I have lived here since I was born.
④
since
+一段时间+
ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.
三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语(
fo r
,
since
,
how long, all one’s life)连用的动词必须是表示延
续的情况或动作的动词,
即延续性动词。
如:
be
,
have
,
know
,
live
,
work
,
study
,
learn
,
teach
,
keep
,
speak
,
talk
,
draw< br>,
wait
,
wear
,
walk
,
sle ep
,
drive
,
write
,
do
,
clean
等。
I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?
英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续
,
只是一瞬间
< br>就结束的动作
,
这类动词叫做
“
非延续性动词
”
,常 见的有:
come
,
go
,
arrive
,
rea ch
,
see
,
hear
,
close
,
open
,
leave
,
begin
,
start
,
lose
,
buy
,
fall
,
join
,
die
,
get up
,
become
,
bo rrow
,
lend
,
find
,
finish
,
receive
等。这
些动词可用于现在完成时,
说明某个动作的结果还存在 ,
但不能和表示一段时间的状语
(
how long
,
for
,
since
)
连用。
He has come back.
(
√
)
He has come back for two hours.
(
×
)
※
但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999.
(
5
)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。
He has bought the book for two weeks.
改为
:He has had the book for two weeks.
常见的相应转换形式如下
:
borrow /
lend→keep,
buy→have,
finish / end→be over,
arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there,
begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed,die→be dead ,
leave→be away
(
from
)
,
go to school→be in school / be a stu
dent,
getup→be up,
fall asleep→be asleep ,
fall ill→be ill, get to know→know,
lose→be lost,become→be,
return / come back / get back→be back,
join→be in / be a…member,
join the army→be in the army /be a soldier,
receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold,
begin to study→study,
他参军已有三年
.He has joined the army for three years.
(错)改为
:
He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.
He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.
He joined the army three years ago.
It is three years since he joined the army.
Three years has passed since he joined the army.
2