现在完成时的完成用法和未完成用法
别妄想泡我
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2021年01月25日 01:07
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中学周记-
现在完成时的
“
完成用法
”
和
“
未完成用法
”
★★★ 现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
一、现在完成时的结构:
助动词
have / has +
动词的过去分词
( Past Participle )
其中
have / has
为助动词
,
因而它的否定和疑问句形式全部由
have / has
进行变化。
例如
:
a.
He has
already
finished his homework.
他已经做完了家庭作业。
否定句:
___ _________________________________________________
( already
用于肯定句中
,
改成否定和疑问句时用
yet
,一般放句末
)
一般疑问句:
_ _______________________________________________?
b.
His father has been to Beijing three times.
他父亲去过北京三次了。
否定句:
_______________________ _____________________________.
一般疑问句:
_______________________________________ _________?
提问:
_____________ _________________________________________?
二、现 在完成时的
完成用法
A
、定义:现在完成时的
完成 用法
指的是
动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在
产生了影响, 与现在情况具有因果关系
。
例如:
He has turned off the light.
他已把灯关了。
(
动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况
--
灯现在不亮了。
)
B
、特点:现在完成时
完成用法
的特点是动作 不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去
时间状语
(
如:
already
,
yet
,
before
,
recently
等< br>)
、频度时间状语
(
如:
never
,
ever,
once
等
)
、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语
(
如:
this morning
/
month
/
year...< br>,
today
等
)
连用。
例如:
Have you found your pen
yet
?
你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
请尝试着做以下的练习
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. I_______
already
_______ (see) the film.
I __________ (see) it
last week
.
2. ----- _______ he _________(finish) his work today ? ------
Not yet
.
3. -----_______you _________(be) to Hong Kong ? ----Yes, I _______________ (be) there
twice .
4. -----_______ you
ever
________(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? ----No, never.
5. My father _______
just
__________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
6. Where’ Li Ming ? He ______________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
7.
Shanghai
___________
(be)
a
small
town
hundreds
of
years
ago
.
Now
it
____________
(become) a large city.
8.
So far
(
到目前为止
) I ______________(make) quite a few friends here.
9. ---
I ___________ (see) the film “Chicken Run”.
--- Where and when ________ you _______ (see) it? ---
Last week.
10. Mary _________
already
__________ (have) her supper.
11.
I
____________
(not
want)
to
see
the
film.
I
___________
(see)
it
with
my
parents.
We _________ (see) it
last Sunday
.
12. ---______ Uncle Wang ______ (mend) the TV
yet
? ---Yes, he______.
---When _____ he _____ it? ---
Yesterday.
13. ______ you _______ (read) today’s
newspaper
yet
?
14 They _____
already
______(do) their homework. But they don’t know what_______ (do)
next.
15. ---______ you ________ (see) the film
last night
?
---No, I ___________ (see) it for several times.
2.
现在完成时的
未完成用法
A
、定义: 现在完成时的
未完成用法
指的是
动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续 到现在,
或可能还要继续下去
。
例如:
He has lived here since 1978.
自从
1978
年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(
动作起始于
1978
年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。
)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.
我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(
动作开始于
5
年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。
)
B
、
特点:
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的 状语
(
由
since
或
for
引导
)
,< br>或表示与
现在时刻相连的时间状语
(
如:
up to now
,
so far
到目前为止
)
等。
例如:
I have heard nothing from him up to now.
到目前为止我没有他的任何消
息。
注意:
(1)
现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词, 即
瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词
。如:
come
,
go
,
arrive
,
leave
,
join
,
beco me
,
die
等。
(2 )
现在完成时常见两种句型:
①
主语+
have / has been
+
for
短语
/ since
短语
②
It is
+一段时间+
since
从句
例如:
He has been in the League for three years.
= It is three years since he joined the League.
他入团已三年了。
请尝试着做以下的练习
1.
I _____________ (work) here
since
I __________ (move) here in 1999.
2.
---How long ______ the Smiths ________(stay)here? ----
For two weeks
.
3.
She ____________ (be) ill for three days.
4.
She____________ (not read) this book before.
5.
____ you ever __________ (travel) on a train before?
6.
--- ____ Wei Hua ________ (come) yet?
---Yes. She_______ (come) already. She ______ (come) just now.
7.
--How long _____you __________(learn) English? ---For more than two years.
8.
They _______________ (live) in China since they ________ (move) to China.
9.
I________ already _________ (see) the film. I _________ (see) it last week.
10. ______ you _______(be) to Hong Kong ? Yes, I ___________ (be) there twice .
11.
My father ________ just ________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
12.
I ________ (work) here since I _________ (move) here in 1999.
13. How long _______ the Wangs _________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
3
、
for
和
since
的区别。
a. for
和表示一段时间的词组连用。
eg. for six hours/nine days/ two weeks/thirty years
b. since
和表示过去某一时刻的词或词组连用,这是介词。
eg. since nine o
’clock this morning / last summer/ three weeks ago/September
since
还可以引导时间状语从句,表示“自从…..以来”,这是连词。
eg.
自从他出生以来,他就住在这儿。
He has lived here since he was born.
______ three months
______ two weeks ago,
_______ 1998,
______last Sunday
4
、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中,
动词按其动作发生的方式、
动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:
learn, work,
stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay
等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、
瞬间 动词或短暂性动词,
表示不能延续的动作,
这种动作发
生后立即结束。如
op en, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave,
move, borrow, buy
等。
5
、延续性动词的用法特征
a.
延续性动 词可以用于现在完成时,
其完成时态可与表示
段时间
的状语连用。< br>表示
段时
间
的短语有:
for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long
等。如:
I have learned English since I came here.
自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
b.
延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的
点时间
状语连用。
如:
It
raind
at
eight
yesterday
morning.(
误
) rain
为延续性动词,而
at eight
表示
点时间
< br>,前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性
动词表示一瞬间的动作,
可以借助
come,
begin,
get
等终止性动词来表示。
上句可改为:
It
began
to rain at eight yesterday morning.(
正
)
又如:
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-
Then you’ve known each other for more than two years.
-
That’s right.
6
、终止性动词的用法特征
a.
终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:
The train has arrived.
火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group?
你加入电脑小组了吗?
b.
终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,
不能持续。
因此,
不可与表示一段时间的状语连用
(
只
限肯定式
)
。如:
(1)
他死了三年了。
误:
He has died for three years.
正:
He has been dead for three years.
正:
He died three years ago.
正:
It is
three years since
he died.
正:
Three
years
has passed since he died.
(2)
他来这儿五天了。
误:
He has come here for five days.
正:
He has been here for five days.
正:
He came here five days ago.
正:
It is five days since he came here.
正:
Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)
、
(2)
句中的
die
、come
为终止性动词,不能与表示
段时间
的状语连用。那么, 应如何
正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:
(1) 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,
如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。
下面列举几例:
leave→be
away
from,
borrow→keep,
buy→have,
begin/start→be
on,
die→be
dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep
sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold
。
(2)
将句中表示
段时间
的状语 改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种
正确表达方式。
(3)
用句型
段时间
+since...
表 达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)
用句型
时间
+has
passed+since...
表 达原意,
如上两例中的第四种正确表达方式。